Trước tòa thị sảnh của Đan Mạch
Welcome to Copenhagen
Đan Mạch đứng đầu
trong danh sách những quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất thế giới năm 2013 theo
bảng xếp hạng của Mạng lưới Các giải pháp phát triển bền vững Liên Hiệp
Quốc (UNSDSN).
Tivoli Gardens is a famous amusement park
and pleasure garden in Copenhagen, Denmark. The park opened on 15 August
1843 and is the second oldest amusement park in the world, after
Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampenborg. Wikipedia
 |
Hình internet
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Bên trong City Hall
 |
| Đang nghe tour guide giải thích |
Phố xá ngày mưa
Bầu trời ảm đạm
Copenhagen City Hall
Mùa Xuân hoa Tử Đằng nở đẹp
Tour guide trên du thuyền
Copenhagen Opera house
Một ngày mưa gió khó chụp hình
the Little Mermaid,
The Little Mermaid
The Little Mermaid statue was a present from brewer Carl Jacobsen (The Carlsberg Breweries)
to the city of Copenhagen, made by a then little known sculptor called Edvard Erichsen.
The Little Mermaid was unveiled at Langelinje in 1913, as part of a general trend in
Copenhagen in those days, selecting classical and historical figures to be used as
decorations in the city's parks and public areas.
In 1909, brewer Carl Jacobsen saw solo dancer Ellen Price dance in Fini Henriques' ballet
"The Little Mermaid" at the Royal Theatre. He was so taken with her that he asked her
if she would pose for a statue. She agreed in principle, but was not very interested in posing
without any clothes on, when she found out just how public the statue would be.
Instead sculptor Edvard Erichsen's wife stepped in and modeled for the body. On September 14, 1912,
the Little Mermaid statue was first placed at a test location, and on August 23, 1913,
at its current and permanent site. The statue's birthday is celebrated
in various ways every year on August 23. Throughout the year, 75% of all tourists visiting Copenhagen
go to see The Little Mermaid.
Nguồn ( http://www.copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html)
Tàu của Hoàng Gia đang đậu ở bến
****************************************************************************
Copenhagen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Copenhagen
København |
From upper left: Christiansborg Palace, Frederik's Church, Tivoli Gardens and Nyhavn. |
|
|
 |
Coordinates:  55°40′34″N 12°34′06″ECoordinates: 55°40′34″N 12°34′06″E |
| Country |
Denmark |
| Region |
Capital (Hovedstaden) |
| First mention |
11th century |
| City Status |
13th century |
| Government |
| • Lord Mayor |
Frank Jensen (S) |
| Area[1] |
| • City |
86.20 km2 (33.28 sq mi) |
| • Metro |
2.778,3 km2 (1.0727 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation |
91 m (299 ft) |
| Lowest elevation |
1 m (3 ft) |
| Population (2014)[3] |
| • City |
569,557 |
| • Density |
6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban |
1,246,611 (details) |
| • Metro |
1,975,361 (details) |
| • Metro density |
702/km2 (1,820/sq mi) |
| • Ethnicity |
77.3% Danish
22.7% Other[2] |
| Time zone |
CET (UTC+1) |
| • Summer (DST) |
CEST (UTC+2) |
| Postal code |
1050-1778, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2450 |
| Area code(s) |
(+45) 3 |
| Website |
www.kk.dk |
Copenhagen (
IPA // or
//;
Danish:
København [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] (
listen)) is the capital and most populated city of
Denmark, and second largest in
Scandinavia, with an
urban population of 1,246,611 and a
metropolitan population of 1,975,361 (as of 1 April 2014). It is situated on the eastern coast of
Zealand, 42 km (26 mi) northwest of
Malmö, Sweden and 164 km (102 mi) northeast of
Odense. The city stretches across parts of the island of
Amager and also contains the enclave of
Frederiksberg, a municipality in its own right.
Originally a
Viking
fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the
capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. During the 17th century,
under the reign of
Christian IV,
it developed into an important regional centre, consolidating its
position as capital of Denmark and Norway with its institutions,
defences and armed forces. After suffering from the effects of plague
and fire in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of
redevelopment which included the prestigious district of
Frederiksstaden and cultural institutions such as the
Royal Theatre and the
Royal Academy of Fine Arts. After further disasters in the early 19th century when
Nelson attacked the Danish fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the
Danish Golden Age brought a
Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, following the
Second World War, the
Finger Plan fostered the creation of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes stretching out from the city centre.
Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has seen strong urban
and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions
and infrastructure. The city is the
cultural,
economic and
governmental centre of Denmark and one of the major financial centres of Northern Europe with the
Copenhagen Stock Exchange.
In 2012, Copenhagen was third in the ranking of the richest cities in
the world in terms of gross earnings, dropping from first place in 2009.
Since the completion of the
Øresund Bridge, the metropolitan area of Copenhagen has become increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of
Scania and its largest city, Malmö, known as the
Øresund Region.
With a number of bridges connecting the various districts, the
cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades and waterfronts.
Copenhagen's landmarks such as
Tivoli Gardens, the
Little Mermaid Statue, the
Amalienborg and
Christiansborg palaces,
Rosenborg Castle,
Frederik's Church,
and many museums, restaurants and nightclubs are significant tourist
attractions. In addition to recent developments in the city
service sector and the
pharmaceutical industry, there have been a number of initiatives in
clean technology, matching the city's aim to be carbon-neutral by 2025.
Copenhagen has over 94,000 students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions, including the
University of Copenhagen, the
Technical University of Denmark and
Copenhagen Business School.
The University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university
in Denmark, and has repeatedly been ranked as one of the best
universities in Europe. Copenhagen is home to the
FC København and
Brøndby football clubs and the ice hockey teams
Rødovre Mighty Bulls,
Herlev Eagles and
Hvidovre Ligahockey. The annual
Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. The
Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen together with the
S-train network connecting the outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month,
Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the
Nordic countries.
Etymology
The city's origin as a harbour and a place of commerce is reflected
in its name. Its original designation, from which the contemporary
Danish name is derived, was
Køpmannæhafn, meaning "merchants' harbour", often simply
Hafn or
Havn. The English
cognate would be
Chapman's
haven.
[4] The English name for the city is derived from its
Low German name,
Kopenhagen. The chemical element
hafnium is also named for Copenhagen, whose
Latin name is
Hafnia. The bacterium
Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, being coined in 1954 by Vagn Møller of the
State Serum Institute in Copenhagen.
[6]
History
Reconstruction of Copenhagen as of
c. 1500
Early History
Although the earliest historical records of Copenhagen are from the
end of the 12th century, recent archaeological finds in connection with
work on the city's metro have revealed the remains of a large merchant's
mansion near today's
Kongens Nytorv
from c. 1020. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery
of a well from the late 12th century, and the remains of an old church
with graves dating to the 11th century have been unearthed near where
Strøget meets
Rådhuspladsen.
These finds indicate that Copenhagen's origins go back at least as far
as the 11th century, while substantial discoveries of flint tools in the
area provide evidence of settlements as far back as the
Stone Age.
[7] Many historians believe the town dates to the late
Viking Age, and was possibly founded by
Sweyn I Forkbeard.
The natural harbour and good herring stocks seem to have attracted
fishermen and merchants to the area on a seasonal basis from the 11th
century and more permanently in the 13th century.
[9] The first habitations were probably centred around
Gammel Strand (literally "old shore") in the 11th century or even earlier.
[10]
The earliest written mention of the town was in the 12th century when
Saxo Grammaticus in
Gesta Danorum referred to it as
Portus Mercatorum, which translates into Merchants' Harbour or in the
Danish of the time
Købmannahavn.
[11] Traditionally, Copenhagen's founding has been dated to
Bishop Absalon's construction of a modest fortress on the little island of
Slotsholmen in 1167 where
Christiansborg Palace stands today. The construction of the fortress was in response to attacks by
Wendish pirates who plagued the coastline during the 12th century.
Defensive ramparts and moats were completed and by 1177 St. Clemens
Church had been built. Attacks by the Germans continued, and after the
original fortress was eventually destroyed by the marauders, it was
replaced by
Copenhagen Castle.
Middle Ages
In 1186, a letter from
Pope Urban III states that the castle of
Hafn
(Copenhagen) and its surrounding lands including the town of Hafn were
given to Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde 1158-1191 and Archbishop of Lund
1177-1201, by King
Valdemar I. On Absalon's death, the property was to come into the ownership of the
Bishopric of Roskilde.
[9] Around 1200, the
Church of Our Lady was constructed on higher ground to the northeast of the town which began to expand around it.
[9]
The town rose in prominence but was repeatedly attacked by the
Hanseatic League.
As the fishing industry thrived in Copenhagen, particularly in the
trade of herring, the city began expanding to the north of Slotsholmen. In 1254, it received a charter as a city under Bishop
Jakob Erlandsen[15] who garnered support from the local fishing merchants against the king by granting them special privileges. In the mid 1330s, the first land assessment of the city was published.
With the establishment of the
Kalmar Union (1397–1523) between Denmark, Norway and Sweden, by about 1416 Copenhagen had emerged as the capital of Denmark when
Eric of Pomerania moved his seat to Copenhagen Castle.
[17] The University of Copenhagen was inaugurated on 1 June 1479 by King
Christian I, following approval from Pope
Sixtus IV.
[18] The university's Christian role in Danish society was forced to change during the
Reformation in the late 1530s.
[18]
16th and 17th centuries
In disputes prior to the
Reformation of 1536, the city which had been faithful to
Christian II was successfully besieged in 1523 by the forces of
Frederik I, who supported
Lutheranism.
Thereafter, Copenhagen's defences were reinforced with a series of
towers along the city wall. After an extended siege from July 1535 to
July 1536 during which the city supported Christian II's alliance with
Malmö and
Lübeck, it was finally forced to capitulate to
Christian III. During the second half of the century, the city prospered from increased trade across the
Baltic supported by Dutch shipping.
Christoffer Valkendorff, a high-ranking statesman, defended the city's interests and contributed to its development.
[9]
During the reign of
Christian IV
between 1588 and 1648, Copenhagen experienced dramatic growth as a
city. On his initiative at the beginning of the 17th century, two
important building were completed on Slotsholmen: the
Tøjhus Arsenal and
Børsen, the stock exchange. To foster international trade, the
East India Company was founded in 1616. To the east of the city, inspired by Dutch planning, the king developed the district of
Christianshavn
with its canals and ramparts. It was initially intended to be a
fortified trading centre but ultimately became part of Copenhagen.
[19] Christian IV was also responsible for sponsoring an array of ambitious building projects including
Rosenborg Slot and the
Rundetarn. In 1658–59, the city withstood a siege by the
Swedes under
Charles X and successfully repelled
a major assault.
[19]
By 1661, Copenhagen had asserted its position as capital of Denmark
and Norway. All the major institutions were located there as was the
fleet and most of the army. The defences were further enhanced with the
completion of the
Citadel in 1664 and the extension of
Christianshavns Vold with its bastions in 1692, leading to the creation of a new base for the fleet at
Nyholm.
[19][20]
18th century
A mansion at Amalienborg in Frederiksstaden (1750)
Copenhagen lost around 22,000 of its 65,000 to the
plague in 1711. The city was also struck by two major fires which destroyed much of its infrastructure. The
Copenhagen Fire of 1728
was the largest in the history of Copenhagen. It began on the evening
of 20 October, and continued to burn until the morning of 23 October,
destroying approximately 28% of the city, leaving some 20% of the
population homeless. No less than 47% of the medieval section of the
city was completely lost. Along with the
1795 fire, it is the main reason that few traces of the old town can be found in the modern city.
[22][23]
A substantial amount of rebuilding followed. In 1733, work began on the royal residence of
Christiansborg Palace which was completed in 1745. In 1749, development of the prestigious district of
Frederiksstaden was initiated. Designed by
Nicolai Eigtved in the
Rococo style, its centre contained the mansions which now form
Amalienborg Palace.
[24] Major extensions to the naval base of
Holmen were undertaken while the city's cultural importance was enhanced with the
Royal Theatre and the
Royal Academy of Fine Arts.
[25]
In the second half of the 18th century, Copenhagen benefitted from
Denmark's neutrality during the wars between Europe's main powers,
allowing it to play an important role in trade between the states around
the Baltic Sea. After Christiansborg was destroyed by fire in 1794 and
another fire caused serious damage to the city in 1795, work began on
the classical Copenhagen landmark of
Højbro Plads while
Nytorv and
Gammel Torv were converged.
[25]
19th century
On 2 April 1801, a
British fleet under the command of
Admiral Sir Hyde Parker defeated a
Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral
Horatio Nelson led the main attack. He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed. Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at
Trafalgar.
It was during this battle that Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope
to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to
cease fire.
[29]
The
Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August – 5 September 1807) was from a British point of view a
preemptive attack on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the
Dano-Norwegian fleet.
But from a Danish point of view the battle was a terror bombardment on
their capital. Particularly notable was the use of incendiary
Congreve rockets
(containing phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished with water) that
randomly hit the city. Few houses with straw roofs remained after the
bombardment. The largest church,
Vor frue kirke, was destroyed by the sea artillery. Several historians consider this battle the first
terror attack against a major European city in modern times.
[31][32]
The British landed 30,000 men and surrounded Copenhagen.
[29] The attack continued for the next three days, killing some 2,000 civilians and destroying most of the city.
[29] The devastation was so great because Copenhagen relied on an
old defence-line whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their
longer-range artillery.
Despite the disasters of the early 19th century, Copenhagen experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the
Danish Golden Age. Painting prospered under
C.W. Eckersberg and his students while
C.F. Hansen and
Gottlieb Bindesbøll brought a
Neoclassical look to the city's architecture.
[34] In the early 1850s, the ramparts of the city were opened to allow new housing to be built around
The Lakes (
Danish:
Søerne) that bordered the old defences to the west. By the 1880s, the districts of
Nørrebro and
Vesterbro
developed to accommodate those who came from the provinces to
participate in the city's industrialization. This dramatic increase of
space was long overdue, as not only were the old ramparts out of date as
a defence system but bad
sanitation
in the old city had to be overcome. From 1886, the west rampart
(Vestvolden) was flattened, allowing major extensions to the harbour
leading to the establishment of the
Freeport of Copenhagen 1892–94.
[35]
Electricity came in 1892 with electric trams in 1897. The spread of
housing to areas outside the old ramparts brought about a huge increase
in the population. In 1840, Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately
120,000 people. By 1901, it had some 400,000 inhabitants.
[25]
20th century
By the beginning of the 20th century, Copenhagen had become a thriving industrial and administrative city. With its new
city hall and
railway station, its centre was drawn towards the west.
[25] New housing developments grew up in
Brønshøj and
Valby while
Frederiksberg became an enclave within the city of Copenhagen.
[36] The northern part of
Amager and Valby were also incorporated into the City of Copenhagen in 1901–02.
[37]
As a result of Denmark's neutrality in the
First World War,
Copenhagen prospered from trade with both Britain and Germany while the
city's defences were kept fully manned by some 40,000 soldiers for the
duration of the war.
[38]
In the 1920s there were serious shortages of goods and housing. Plans
were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid
of the worst of the city's slum areas. However, it was not until the 1930s that substantial housing developments ensued,
[40] with the demolishment of one side of Christianhavn's
Torvegade in order to build five large blocks of flats.
- World War II
RAF bombing of Gestapo headquarters in the Shell House (March 1945)
During
World War II, Copenhagen was
occupied by German troops
along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945.
The occupation was not a part of the Nazi German expansion, and
initially the German authorities sought to arrive at an understanding
with the Danish government. Even a general parliamentary election was
granted in 1943, with only the
Communist Party excluded. But in August 1943, after the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were
scuttled in Copenhagen Harbour by the
Royal Danish Navy to prevent their use by the Germans. Around that time the Nazis
started to arrest Jews, although most managed to escape to
Sweden.
[41]
After the
Normandy Invasion
the Germans feared the Danish police could become a problem. In early
September 1944, they set about arresting the entire Danish police force.
Most of them, however, managed either to hide or to escape to Sweden.
Out of 2,000 policemen captured and deported to Germany, fewer than half
returned after the war. In the absence of a police force, during the
last eight months of occupation Copenhagen suffered a high rate of
common criminality.
[41]
Ole Lippman, the leader of the
Danish resistance movement (SOE), invited the
RAF to assist their operations by attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly,
Air Vice-Marshal Sir Basil Embry drew up plans for a spectacular precision attack on the
Sicherheitsdienst and
Gestapo building, the former offices of the
Shell Oil Company.
Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so
the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building. The attack came on
22 March 1945, in three small waves. In the first wave, all six planes
(carrying one bomb each) hit their target, but unfortunately one of the
aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg girls school. Because of this crash
four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the
military target, and aimed their bombs at the school leading to the
death of 123 civilians (of which 87 were schoolgirls).
[42]
However 18 of the 26 political prisoners in the Shell Building managed
to escape while the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed.
[42]
On 8 May 1945 Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops commanded by Field Marshal
Bernard Montgomery who supervised the surrender of 30,000 Germans situated around the capital.
[43]
- Post-war decades
Shortly after the end of the war, an innovative urban development project known as the
Finger Plan
was introduced in 1947, encouraging the creation of new housing and
businesses interspersed with large green areas along five "fingers"
stretching out from the city centre along the
S-train routes.
[44]
With the expansion of the welfare state and women entering the work
force, schools, nurseries, sports facilities and hospitals were
established across the city. As a result of student unrest in the late
1960s, the former Bådsmandsstræde Barracks in
Christianshavn was occupied, leading to the establishment of
Freetown Christiania in September 1971.
[46]
Motor traffic in the city grew significantly and in 1972 the trams
were replaced by buses. From the 1960s, on the initiative of the young
architect
Jan Gehl, pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre.
[47] Activity in the port of Copenhagen declined with the closure of the Holmen naval base.
Copenhagen Airport underwent considerable expansion, becoming a hub for the
Nordic countries. In the 1990s, large-scale housing developments were realized in the harbour area and in the west of
Amager.
[40] The national library's
Black Diamond building on the waterfront was completed in 1999.
[48]
2000 to present
Copenhagen Opera House (2004)
Since the summer of 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of
Malmö have been connected by the (
Øresund Bridge),
which carries rail and road traffic. As a result, Copenhagen has become
the centre of a larger metropolitan area spanning both nations. The
bridge has brought about considerable changes in the public
transport system and has led to the extensive redevelopment of Amager.
[46]
The city's service and trade sectors have developed while a number of
banking and financial institutions have been established. Educational
institutions have also gained importance, especially the
University of Copenhagen with its 35,000 students.
[49] Another important development for the city has been the
Copenhagen Metro,
the underground railway system which opened in 2000 with additions
until 2007, transporting some 54 million passengers by 2011.
[50]
On the cultural front, the lavish
Copenhagen Opera House, a gift to the city from the shipping magnate
Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller on behalf of the A.P. Møller foundation, was completed in 2004.
[51] In December 2009 Copenhagen gained international prominence when it hosted the worldwide climate meeting
COP15.
[52]
Geography
Skyline of the old city core of Copenhagen.
Copenhagen is part of the
Øresund Region, which consists of Zealand,
Lolland-Falster and
Bornholm in Denmark and
Scania in Sweden.
[53] It is located on the eastern shore of the island of
Zealand, partly on the island of
Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two. Copenhagen faces the
Øresund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from
Sweden, and which connects the
North Sea with the
Baltic Sea. The
Swedish towns of
Malmö and
Landskrona lie on the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen.
[54] By road, Copenhagen is 42 kilometres (26 mi) northwest of
Malmö, Sweden, 85 kilometres (53 mi) northeast of
Næstved, 164 kilometres (102 mi) northeast of
Odense, 295 kilometres (183 mi) east of
Esbjerg and 188 kilometres (117 mi) southeast of
Aarhus by sea and road via
Sjaellands Odde.
[55]
The city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts that are still referred to as the
Fortification Ring (
Fæstningsringen) and kept as a partial green band around it.
[56] Then come the late 19th and early 20th century residential neighbourhoods of
Østerbro,
Nørrebro,
Vesterbro and
Amagerbro. The outlying areas of
Kongens Enghave,
Valby,
Vigerslev,
Vanløse,
Brønshøj,
Utterslev and
Sundby followed from 1920 to 1960. They consist mainly of residential housing and apartments often enhanced with parks and greenery.
[57]
Topography
The central area of the city consists of relatively low-lying flat ground formed by
moraines
from the last ice age while the hilly areas to the north and west
frequently rise to 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. The slopes of
Valby and
Brønshøj
reach heights of over 30 m (98 ft), divided by valleys running from the
northeast to the southwest. Close to the centre are the
Copenhagen lakes of Sortedams Sø, Peblinge Sø and Sankt Jørgens Sø.
[57]
Copenhagen rests on a subsoil of flint-layered limestone deposited in the
Danian period some 60 to 66 million years ago. Some
greensand from the
Selandian
is also present. There are a few faults in the area, the most important
of which is the Carlsberg fault which runs northwest to southeast
through the centre of the city.
[58] During the last ice age, glaciers eroded the surface leaving a layer of moraines up to 15 m (49 ft) thick.
[59]
Beaches
Copenhagen and the surrounding areas have three beaches with a total
of approx. 8 kilometres (5 miles) of sandy shores within 30 minutes
cycling from the city centre. These include
Amager Strandpark,
which opened in 2005 with a 2 km (1 mi) long artificial island and a
total of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) of beaches, located just 15 minutes by bicycle
or a few minutes by metro from the city centre.
[60]
The beaches are supplemented by a system of
Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at
Islands Brygge and has won international acclaim for its design.
[61]
Climate
Frederiksberg Palace in the snow
Copenhagen is in the
oceanic climate zone (
Köppen:
Cfb ).
[62] Its weather is subject to
low-pressure systems from the
Atlantic which result in unstable conditions throughout the year. The
Gulf Stream brings warmer water across from the
Gulf of Mexico
causing average temperatures to be some 5 degrees higher than would be
expected for the city's latitude of 55 degrees North. Apart from
slightly higher rainfall from July to September, precipitation is
moderate. While there can be snow from late December to late April,
there can also be rain with average temperatures around the freezing
point.
[63]
June is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about eight
hours of sunshine a day. July and August are warm too with daytime
temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F) although rainfall averages 69 mm per
month. By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than two per
day in November and only one and a half per day from December to
February. In the spring, it gets warmer again with from four to six
hours of sunshine per day from March to May. February is the driest
month of the year.
[64] Exceptional weather conditions can bring as much as 50 cm of snow to Copenhagen in a 24 hour period during the winter months
[65] while summer temperatures have been known to rise to heights of 33 °C (91 °F).
[66]
Because of Copenhagen's northern latitude, the number of daylight
hours varies considerably between summer and winter. On the summer
solstice, the sun rises at 04:26 and sets at 21:58, providing 17 hours
32 minutes of daylight. On the winter solstice, it rises at 08:37 and
sets at 15:39 with 7 hours and 1 minute of daylight. There is therefore a
difference of 10 hours and 31 minutes in the length of days and nights
between the summer and winter solstices .
[67]
| [hide]Climate data for Copenhagen (1961–1990) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
1.9
(35.4) |
2.0
(35.6) |
4.8
(40.6) |
9.5
(49.1) |
15.0
(59) |
19.2
(66.6) |
20.4
(68.7) |
20.3
(68.5) |
16.7
(62.1) |
12.1
(53.8) |
7.1
(44.8) |
3.7
(38.7) |
11.1
(52) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
0.1
(32.2) |
−0.1
(31.8) |
2.0
(35.6) |
5.7
(42.3) |
10.9
(51.6) |
15.1
(59.2) |
16.4
(61.5) |
16.3
(61.3) |
13.2
(55.8) |
9.5
(49.1) |
5.1
(41.2) |
1.8
(35.2) |
8
(46.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−2
(28) |
−2.4
(27.7) |
−0.6
(30.9) |
2.3
(36.1) |
7.2
(45) |
11.3
(52.3) |
12.9
(55.2) |
12.6
(54.7) |
9.8
(49.6) |
6.7
(44.1) |
2.7
(36.9) |
−0.5
(31.1) |
5.0
(41) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
46
(1.81) |
30
(1.18) |
39
(1.54) |
39
(1.54) |
42
(1.65) |
52
(2.05) |
68
(2.68) |
64
(2.52) |
60
(2.36) |
56
(2.2) |
61
(2.4) |
56
(2.2) |
613
(24.13) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 1mm) |
10 |
8 |
9 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
9 |
12 |
11 |
113 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
45 |
67 |
110 |
168 |
217 |
218 |
202 |
193 |
133 |
90 |
55 |
42 |
1,539 |
| Source: Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut |
Administration
Districts
Districts of Copenhagen municipality
The
conurbation of Copenhagen includes the
municipalities of
Copenhagen,
Dragør,
Frederiksberg and
Tårnby, with a total population of 704,108 at the start of 2012.
[68] After
Copenhagen Municipality, the second largest is Frederiksberg Municipality, an enclave inside Copenhagen Municipality. Both are contained in the larger
Capital Region of Denmark, containing most of the
urban area of Copenhagen. Since a reform in 2006–08, Copenhagen Municipality has been divided into 10 official districts (Danish: bydele):
[69] Indre By,
Østerbro,
Nørrebro,
Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave,
Valby,
Vanløse,
Brønshøj-Husum,
Bispebjerg,
Amager Øst, and
Amager Vest. Neighbourhoods of Copenhagen include
Slotsholmen Frederiksstaden,
Islands Brygge,
Holmen,
Christiania,
Carlsberg,
Sluseholmen,
Amagerbro,
Ørestad,
Nordhavnen,
Bellahøj,
Brønshøj,
Ryparken, and
Vigerslev.
Municipal government
Copenhagen Municipality is distinct from the wider
Copenhagen urban area. The seat of Copenhagen's
municipal council is the
Copenhagen City Hall (
Københavns Rådhus). The council is chaired by the Lord Mayor of Copenhagen,
Frank Jensen, who with two selected vice-presidents overlooks the 55 representatives of the council who are given civic duties to perform.
[70] The council usually meets every other week at 17:30 on a Thursday.
[70]
They discuss a range of issues including labour and employment,
business growth, economics, international cooperation and IT, urban
planning, housing and construction, and young, old, and disabled people
issues, healthcare, and traffic, with a central focus on making the city
sustainable and meeting environmental and health targets.
[71]
All members of the council are elected every four years. In the municipal elections in November 2013, the
Social Democrats
remained in first place with 27.8% of the vote (down by 2.2% from 2009)
while Enhedslisten (the Red-Green Alliance) was in second place with
19.5%.
[72][73]
Copenhagen's mayor Frank Jensen retained his position, but was not
happy with the result which was the worst ever for his party. The Social
Democrats have been the party behind the mayors of Copenhagen for the
past 110 years.
[74]
The municipal government is divided into seven administrative
departments; Employment and Integration, Culture and Leisure, Health and
Care, Finance, Child and Youth, Social Services, and Technical and
Environmental Administration.
[75]
It has six political committees and a finance committee. The annual
budget for the city is proposed in August and finalized in October and
the annual report is published in May of every year. The accounting firm
Deloitte is responsible for auditing the City of Copenhagen's accounts.
[76]
Lord mayors since 1938
All lord mayors of Copenhagen have belonged to
the Social Democratic Party.
[74]
Law and order
Most of Denmark's top legal courts and institutions are based in Copenhagen. A modern style
court of justice,
Hof- og Stadsretten, was introduced in Denmark, specifically for Copenhagen, by
Johann Friedrich Struensee in 1771.
[77] Now known as the
City Court of Copenhagen (
Kobenhavns Byret), it is the largest of the 24 city courts in Denmark with jurisdiction over the municipalities of Copenhagen,
Dragør and
Tårnby.
With its 42 judges, it has a Probate Division, an Enforcement Division
and a Registration and Notorial Acts Division while bankruptcy is
handled by the
Maritime and Commercial Court of Copenhagen.
[78] Established in 1862, the Maritime and Commercial Court (
Sø- og Handelsretten)
also hears commercial cases including those relating to trade marks,
marketing practices and competition for the whole of Denmark.
[79] Denmark's
Supreme Court (
Højesteret), located in
Christiansborg Palace
on Prins Jørgens Gård in the centre of Copenhagen, is the country's
final court of appeal. Handling civil and criminal cases from the
subordinate courts, it has two chambers which each hear all types of
cases.
[80]
Politigården, the police headquarters
The
Danish National Police and Copenhagen Police headquarters is situated in the Neoclassical-inspired
Politigården building built in 1918–24 under architects
Hack Kampmann and
Holger Alfred Jacobsen. The building also contains administration, management, emergency department and radio service offices.
[81]
In their efforts to deal with drugs, the police have noted considerable
success in the two special drug consumption rooms opened by the city
where addicts can use sterile needles and receive help from nurses if
necessary. While drugs are still illegal, police do not prosecute
addicts using the rooms. Deputy Chief Superintendent Kaj Majlund
commented, "You have to find new ways to deal with drug addicts. You
can't succeed by putting them into jail."
[82]
The
Copenhagen Fire Department
forms the largest municipal fire brigade in Denmark with some 500 fire
and ambulance personnel, 150 administration and service workers, and 35
workers in prevention.
[83]
The brigade began as the Copenhagen Royal Fire Brigade on 9 July 1687
under King Christian V. After the passing of the Copenhagen Fire Act on
18 May 1868, on 1 August 1870 the Copenhagen Fire Brigade became a
municipal institution in its own right.
[84] The fire department has its headquarters in the
Copenhagen Central Fire Station which was designed by
Ludvig Fenger in the
Historicist style and inaugurated in 1892.
[85]
Environmental planning
Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.
[86] The municipal policy is to reduce
CO2 emissions by 20% before the end of 2015.
[87] In 2001 a large offshore
wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at
Middelgrunden. It produces about 4% of the city's energy.
[88] Years of substantial investment in
sewage treatment have improved
water quality in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming with facilities at a number of locations.
[89]
Copenhagen aims to be carbon-neutral by 2025. Commercial and
residential buildings are to reduce electricity consumption by 20
percent and 10 percent respectively, and total heat consumption is to
fall by 20 percent by 2025. Renewable energy features such as solar
panels are becoming increasingly common in the newest buildings in
Copenhagen. District heating will be carbon-neutral by 2025. New
buildings must now be constructed according to Low Energy Class ratings
and in 2020 near net-zero energy buildings. By 2025, 75% of trips should
be made on foot, by bike, or by using public transit. The city plans
that 20-30% of cars will run on electricity or
biofuel by 2025. The investment is estimated at $472 million public funds and $4.78 billion private funds.
[90]
The city's architectural planning authorities continue to take full
account of these priorities. Special attention is given both to climate
issues and efforts to ensure maximum application of
low-energy standards. Priorities include
recycling rainwater,
green roofs and efficient
waste management solutions. In city planning, streets and squares are to be designed to encourage cycling and walking rather than driving.
[91]
As a result of its commitment to high environmental standards, Copenhagen has been praised for its
green economy, becoming the world's leading green city in the 2012 Global
Green Economy Index.
[92]
It has also received the title of "European Green Capital 2014" as a
result of its environmental record and its ambitious goals. Mention was
made of the city's efforts to work with companies, universities and
organisations in order to further green growth, the "Green Laboratory"
component in its North Harbour project, and its efforts to increase the
proportion of the population cycling to work to 50% by 2015.
[93]
Demographics and society
Statistics from fourth quarter 2013 show that 439,824 (77.3%) of the population of Copenhagen Municipality were of
Danish origin,
41,423 immigrants and 4,628 descendants from Western countries (8.1%),
56,026 immigrants and 27,099 descendants from non-Western countries
(14.6%).
[2]
Population
Depending on the boundaries used, the population of Copenhagen
differs. Statistics Denmark has never specified the geographical area of
urban Copenhagen, but it is known to consist of
Copenhagen Municipality,
Frederiksberg and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties
Copenhagen and
Roskilde, though five of them only partially.
[94]
The urban area of Copenhagen has a population of 1,246,611 inhabitants
as of 2014, with a total of 1,975,361 inhabitants in the overall
metropolitan area as 2014; the latter is equivalent to the local traffic
area and ticket fare zones, covering 3,030 square kilometres (1,170
square miles).
Based on a 10%-isoline (data from 2002) in which at least 10% of the
population commutes into central parts of the Copenhagen area, most of
Zealand would be covered and this area has a population of about
2.3 million inhabitants.
[96]
Since the opening of the Øresund Bridge in 2000, commuting between
Zealand and
Scania in
Sweden
has increased rapidly, leading to a wider, integrated area. Known as
the Øresund Region, it has 3.8 million inhabitants (of which 2.5 million
live in the Danish part of the region).
[97]
Religion
The majority of those living in Copenhagen are members of the Lutheran
Church of Denmark,
although the 61.6% specifically confirming their membership by paying
church taxes is well below the national average of 79.1% according to
2013 figures.
[98] There are also several other Christian communities in the city, of which the largest is
Roman Catholic.
[99] The second most significant religion practised in the city is
Islam.
While there are no official statistics, most of the estimated 150,000
Muslims in the country live in Copenhagen, with the highest
concentration in
Nørrebro and the Vestegnen.
[100] There are some 7,000
Jews in Denmark, most of them in the Copenhagen area where there are several synagogues.
[101]
Quality of living
For a number of years, Copenhagen has ranked high in international surveys for its
quality of life.
Its stable economy together with its education services and level of
social safety make it attractive for locals and visitors alike. Although
it is one of the world's most expensive cities, it is also one of the
most liveable with its public transport, facilities for cyclists and its
environmental policies.
[102] In elevating Copenhagen to "most liveable city" in 2013,
Monocle
pointed to its open spaces, increasing activity on the streets, city
planning in favour of cyclists and pedestrians, and features to
encourage inhabitants to enjoy city life with an emphasis on community,
culture and cuisine.
[103] Other sources have ranked Copenhagen high for its business environment, accessibility, restaurants and environmental planning.
[104]
For students, however, Copenhagen ranks only No. 39 for student
friendliness in 2012. Despite a top score for quality of living, its
scores were low for employer activity and affordability.
[105]
Economy
Copenhagen is the economic and
financial centre of
Denmark
but is also of international importance. Statistics for 2010 show that
of the 350,000 people working in Copenhagen, the vast majority are
employed in the
service sector, especially transport and communications, trade, and finance, while less than 10,000 work in the
manufacturing industries. The
public sector workforce is around 110,000, including education and healthcare.
[106]
From 2006 to 2011, the economy grew by 2.5% in Copenhagen and
Copenhagen Municipality while it fell by some 4% in the rest of Denmark.
[107]
In
Dansk Industri's
2013 survey of employment factors in 96 Danish municipalities,
Copenhagen came in first place for educational qualifications and for
the development of private companies in recent years but fell to No. 86
in local companies' assessment of the employment climate. The survey
revealed considerable dissatisfaction in the level of dialogue companies
enjoyed with the municipal authorities.
[108]
In 2012, Copenhagen was third in the ranking of the richest cities in
the world in terms of gross earnings, dropping from first place in 2009.
[109]
In the 2011 UBS survey of prices and earnings, Copenhagen had fallen to
fifth place for price levels while it held third place in gross wage
levels and was said to have the highest purchasing power in terms of
gross hourly wages although it was only in 12th place in terms of
domestic purchasing power.
[110]
Copenhagen is home to a number of international companies including
A.P. Møller-Mærsk,
Novo Nordisk,
Carlsberg and
Novozymes.
[111] The city also has successful business clusters in several innovative sectors including
information technology,
biotechnology,
pharmaceuticals and
clean technology.
[112]
Tourism is also an increasingly important sector for Copenhagen's
economy, reaching record numbers in 2012 for the third year in
succession.
[113]
The number of room nights reached 8.1 million, up 25% since 2008.
Between 2011 and 2012, room nights increased 9.2% overall, tallying a
rise of 39% for Chinese visitors. The numbers of airline and cruise
passengers visiting the city were also at new highs while turnover for
congress tourism reached DKK 1.2 billion with a total of 57 congresses
in the year.
[113]
Copenhagen has a
service oriented economy.
Life science is a key sector with extensive
research and development activities. In collaboration with Sweden,
Medicon Valley is being developed as a central sector of interest across the entire
Øresund Region. Major Danish biotech companies like
Novo Nordisk and
Lundbeck, both of which are among the
50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the world, are located in the greater Copenhagen area.
[114] Shipping is also an import sector with
Maersk, the world's largest
shipping company, having their world headquarters in Copenhagen.
Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world.
[115] High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A
beneficial researcher scheme with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for
foreign labour. It is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.
[116][117]
Medicon Valley
Main article:
Medicon Valley
Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on
research and development within the
biotechnology and
life science sectors.
[118] Two of the
50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the world are located in the
Copenhagen metropolitan area. The biotechnology and life science
cluster in Copenhagen and the rest of the Øresund Region is one of the strongest in Europe. Known as
Medicon Valley,
it is a collaborative venture supported by both Denmark and Sweden. The
aim is to strengthen the region's position and to promote cooperation
between companies and
academia. Hundreds of companies have been established in the area, the majority on the Danish side of the sound.
[119][120]
Cleantech
Launched in 2010, the Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster is the focal point
of a cooperative effort between public authorities, universities,
research institutions and cleantech companies. By 2012, the initiative
involved 533 companies in the Copenhagen region, up form 396 in 2010.
The service sector, with 44% of companies, was the top sector followed
by wholesale and retail trade (22%) and production (20%). The cluster
employed more than 85,000 people in 2010, down from 94,000 in 2008.
[121] The region's most important cleantech research institutions are the
University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen Business School,
[122] Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the
Technical University of Denmark
(of which Risø is now part). In 2012, companies in the Cleantech
Cluster experienced growth as well as an increase in the launching of
new products and services.
[123]
Cityscape
Nyhavn, the seventeenth century waterfront, with its colourful buildings
The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played
as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of
districts, each with its distinctive character and representing its own
period. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance
of water, its many parks, and the
bicycle paths that line most streets.
[124]
Architecture
Developing skyline of the district
Ørestad, located in the outskirts of Copenhagen
The oldest section of Copenhagen's
inner city is often referred to as
Middelalderbyen (The
Medieval City).
[125] However, the city's most distinctive district is
Frederiksstaden, developed during the reign of
Frederick V. It has the
Amalienborg Palace at its centre and is dominated by the dome of
Frederik's Church (or the Marble Church) and several elegant 18th-century
Rococo mansions.
[126] The inner city of Copenhagen includes
Slotsholmen, a little island on which
Christiansborg Palace stands and
Christianshavn with its canals.
[127] Around the historical city centre lies a band of congenial residential boroughs (
Vesterbro,
Inner Nørrebro,
Inner Østerbro)
dating mainly from late 19th century. They were built outside the old
ramparts when the city was finally allowed to expand beyond its
fortifications.
[128]
Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known
for its horizontal skyline, broken only by the spires and towers of its
churches and castles. Most characteristic of all is the
Baroque spire of the
Church of Our Saviour with its narrowing external spiral stairway that visitors can climb to the top.
[129] Other important spires are those of
Christiansborg Palace, the
City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a
modern art venue. Not quite so high are the
Renaissance spires of
Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of
Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the intertwined tails of four dragons.
[130]
Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen
[131] both for
Danish architecture
and for works by international architects. For a few hundred years,
virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen, but since the
turn of the millennium the city and its immediate surroundings have seen
buildings and projects designed by top international architects. At the
same time, a number of Danish architects have achieved success in
Copenhagen and abroad. Buildings in Copenhagen have won
RIBA European Awards four years in a row ("Sampension" in 2005,
[132] "Kilen" in 2006,
[133] "Tietgenkollegiet" in 2007 and the
Royal Playhouse in 2008.
[134]) The last three are all by
Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.
[135] At the 2008
World Architecture Festival in Barcelona,
Bjarke Ingels Group won an award for the World's Best Residential Building 2008 for a house in Ørestad.
[136] In 2008 British design magazine
Monocle named Copenhagen the
World's best design city 2008.
[137]
The boom in
urban development and
modern architecture
has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority
has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings,
but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban
development.
Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near
Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as the
IT University and a high school.
[138]
Parks
Copenhagen is a green city with many parks, both large and small.
King's Garden (
Kongens Have), the garden of
Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most frequented of them all.
[139] It was
Christian IV who first developed its landscaping in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5 million visitors
[140] and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a
sculpture garden with both a permanent display and temporary exhibits during the summer months.
[139] Also located in the city centre are the
Botanical Gardens noted for their large complex of 19th-century greenhouses donated by
Carlsberg founder
J. C. Jacobsen.
[141] Fælledparken at 58 ha (140 acres) is the largest park in Copenhagen.
[142]
It is popular for sports fixtures and hosts several annual events
including a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other
open-air concerts,
carnival and Labour Day celebrations, and the
Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix, a race for
antique cars. A historical
green space in the northeastern part of the city is
Kastellet, a well-preserved Renaissance
citadel that now serves mainly as a park.
[143] Another popular park is the
Frederiksberg Garden, a 32-hectare
romantic landscape park. It houses a colony of tame
grey herons and other
waterfowl.
[144] The park offers views of the elephants and the elephant house designed by world-famous British architect
Norman Foster of the adjacent
Copenhagen Zoo, the largest zoo in Denmark.
[145] Langelinie, a park and promenade along the inner
Øresund coast, is home to one of Copenhagen's most-visited tourist attractions, the
Little Mermaid statue.
[146]
In Copenhagen, many
cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation.
Assistens Cemetery, the burial place of
Hans Christian Andersen, is an important green space for the district of
Inner Nørrebro and a Copenhagen institution. The lesser known
Vestre Kirkegaard
is the largest cemetery in Denmark (54 ha (130 acres)) and offers a
maze of dense groves, open lawns, winding paths, hedges, overgrown
tombs, monuments, tree-lined avenues, lakes and other
garden features.
[147]
It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that by 2015 all
citizens must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15
minutes.
[148] In line with this policy, several new parks, including the innovative
Superkilen in the Nørrebro district, have been completed or are under development in areas lacking green spaces.
[149]
Landmarks by district
Indre By
The historic centre of the city,
Indre By or the Inner City, features many of Copenhagen's most popular monuments and attractions. The area known as
Frederiksstaden, developed by
Frederik V in the second half of the 18th century in the
Rococo style, has the four mansions of
Amalienborg, the royal residence, and the wide-domed
Marble Church at its centre.
[150] Directly across the water from Amalienborg, the recently completed
Copenhagen Opera stands on the island of
Holmen.
[151] To the south of Frederiksstaden, the
Nyhavn canal is lined with colourful houses from the 17th and 18th centuries, many now with lively restaurants and bars.
[152] The canal runs from the harbour front to the spacious square of
Kongens Nytorv which was laid out by
Christian V in 1670. Important buildings include
Charlottenborg Palace, famous for its art exhibitions, the
Thott Palace (now the French embassy), the
Royal Danish Theatre and the
Hotel D'Angleterre, dated to 1755.
[153] Other landmarks in Indre By include the parliament building of
Christiansborg, the
City Hall and
Rundetårn, originally an observatory. There are also several museums in the area including
Thorvaldsen Museum dedicated to the 18th-century sculptor
Bertel Thorvaldsen.
[154] Closed to traffic since 1964,
Strøget,
the world's oldest and longest pedestrian street, runs the 3.2 km
(2.0 mi) from Rådhuspladsen to Kongens Nytorv. With its speciality
shops, cafés, restaurants, and
buskers, it is always full of life and includes the old squares of
Gammel Torv and
Amagertorv, each with a fountain.
[155] Rosenborg Castle on
Øster Voldgade was built by Christian IV in 1606 as a summer residence in the
Renaissance style. It houses the Danish crown jewels and
crown regalia, the
coronation throne and tapestries illustrating Christian V's victories in the
Scanian War.
[156]
Christianshavn
Christianshavn lies to the southeast of Indre By on the other side of the harbour. The area was developed by
Christian IV in the early 17th century. Impressed by the city of
Amsterdam, he employed Dutch architects to create canals within its
ramparts which are still well preserved today.
[19] The canals themselves, branching off the central
Christianshavn Canal and lined with house boats and pleasure craft are one of the area's attractions. Another interesting feature is
Freetown Christiania,
a fairly large area which was initially occupied by squatters during
student unrest in 1971. Today it still maintains a measure of autonomy.
The inhabitants openly sell drugs on "Pusher Street" as well as their
arts and crafts. Other buildings of interest in Christianshavn include
the
Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling steeple and the magnificent Rococo
Christian's Church. Once a warehouse, the
North Atlantic House now displays culture from Iceland and Greenland and houses the
Noma restaurant, known for its Nordic cuisine.
[157][158]
Vesterbro
Vesterbro, to the southwest of Indre By, begins with the
Tivoli Gardens, the city's top tourist attraction with its fairground atmosphere, its
Pantomime Theatre, its
Concert Hall and its many rides and restaurants.
[159] The
Carlsberg quarter has some interesting vestiges of the old brewery of the same name including the
Elephant Gate and the
Ny Carlsberg Brewhouse.
[160] The
Tycho Brahe Planetarium is located on the edge of
Skt. Jørgens Sø, one of the Copenhagen lakes.
[161] Halmtorvet, the old haymarket behind the
Central Station,
is an increasingly popular area with its cafés and restaurants. The
former cattle market Øksnehallen has been converted into a modern
exhibition centre for art and photography.
[162] Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, built by Danish architect and designer
Arne Jacobsen for the airline
Scandinavian Airlines System
(SAS) between 1956 and 1960 was once the tallest hotel in Denmark with a
height of 69.60 m (228.3 ft) and the city's only skyscraper until 1969.
[163] Completed in 1908,
Det Ny Teater (the New Theatre) located in a passage between
Vesterbrogade and
Gammel Kongevej has become a popular venue for musicals since its reopening in 1994, attracting the largest audiences in the country.
[164]
Nørrebro
Nørrebro
to the northwest of the city centre has recently developed from a
working-class district into a colourful cosmopolitan area with antique
shops, ethnic food stores and restaurants. Much of the activity is
centred around
Sankt Hans Torv.
[165] Copenhagen's historic cemetery,
Assistens Kirkegård half way up Nørrebrogade, is the resting place of many famous figures including
Søren Kierkegaard,
Niels Bohr and
Hans Christian Andersen but is also used by locals as a park and recreation area.
[166]
Østerbro
Just north of the city centre,
Østerbro is an upper middle-class district with a number of fine mansions, some now serving as embassies.
[167] The district stretches from Nørrebro to the waterfront where the statue of
The Little Mermaid can be seen from the promenade known as
Langelinie. Inspired by
Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, it was created by
Edvard Eriksen and unveiled in 1913.
[168] Not far from the Little Mermaid, the old
Citadel (
Kastellet) can be seen. Built by
Christian IV, it is one of northern Europe's best preserved fortifications. There is also a windmill in the area.
[169] The large
Gefion Fountain (
Gefionspringvandet) designed by
Anders Bundgaard and completed in 1908 stands close to the southeast corner of Kastellet. Its figures illustrate a Nordic legend.
[170]
Frederiksberg
Strictly speaking a separate municipality,
Frederiksberg lies to the west of Nørrebro and Indre By and north of Vesterbro. Its landmarks include
Copenhagen Zoo founded in 1869 with over 250 species from all over the world and
Frederiksberg Palace
built as a summer residence by Charles IV who was inspired by Italian
architecture. Now a military academy, it overlooks the extensive
landscaped gardens of
Frederiksberg Park with its
follies, waterfalls, lakes and decorative buildings.
[171] The wide tree-lined avenue of
Frederiksberg Allé connecting
Vesterbrogade
with the Frederiksberg Park has long been associated with theatres and
entertainment. While a number of the earlier theatres are now closed,
the
Betty Nansen Theatre and Aveny-T are still active.
[172]
Other districts
Not far from
Copenhagen Airport on the
Kastrup coast,
The Blue Planet
completed in March 2013 now houses the national aquarium. With its 53
aquariums, it is the largest facility of its kind in Scandinavia.
[173] Grundtvig's Church, located in the northern suburb of
Bispebjerg, was designed by
P.V. Jensen Klint and completed in 1940. A rare example of
Expressionist church architecture, its striking
west façade is reminiscent of a church organ.
[174]
Culture and contemporary life
Apart from being the national capital, Copenhagen also serves as the
cultural hub of Denmark and wider Scandinavia. Since the late 1990s, it
has undergone a transformation from a modest Scandinavian capital into a
metropolitan city of international appeal in the same league as
Barcelona and
Amsterdam.
[175]
This is a result of huge investments in infrastructure and culture as
well as the work of successful new Danish architects, designers and
chefs.
[131][176] Copenhagen Fashion Week, the largest fashion event in Northern Europe, takes place every year in February and August.
[177][178]
Museums
Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of international standing. The
National Museum,
Nationalmuseet, is Denmark's largest museum of
archaeology and
cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike.
[179] Denmark's
National Gallery (
Statens Museum for Kunst)
is the national art museum with collections dating from the 12th
century to the present. In addition to Danish painters, artists
represented in the collections include
Rubens,
Rembrandt,
Picasso,
Braque,
Léger,
Matisse,
Emil Nolde,
Olafur Eliasson,
Elmgreen and Dragset,
Superflex and
Jens Haaning.
[180]
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum
Another important Copenhagen art museum is the
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation
Carlsberg philanthropist
Carl Jacobsen and built around his personal collections. Its main focus is classical
Egyptian,
Roman and
Greek sculptures and antiquities and a collection of
Rodin
sculptures, the largest outside France. Besides its sculpture
collections, the museum also holds a comprehensive collection of
paintings of
Impressionist and
Post-Impressionist painters such as
Monet,
Renoir,
Cézanne,
van Gogh and
Toulouse-Lautrec as well as works by the Danish
Golden Age painters.
[181]
Louisiana is a
museum of modern art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. It is located in the middle of a sculpture garden on a cliff overlooking
Øresund. Its collection of over 3,000 items includes works by
Picasso,
Giacometti and
Dubuffet.
[182] The
Danish Design Museum is housed in the 18th-century former
Frederiks Hospital and displays
Danish design as well as international design and crafts.
[183]
Other museums include: the
Thorvaldsens Museum, dedicated to the
oeuvre of romantic Danish sculptor
Bertel Thorvaldsen who lived and worked in Rome;
[184] the
Cisternerne museum dedicated to modern
glass art, located in former
cisterns that come complete with
stalactites formed by the changing water levels;
[185] and the
Ordrupgaard Museum, located just north of Copenhagen, which features 19th-century French and Danish art and is noted for its works by
Paul Gauguin.
[186]
Entertainment and performing arts
The new
Copenhagen Concert Hall opened in January 2009. Designed by
Jean Nouvel, it has four halls with the main
auditorium seating 1,800 people. It serves as the home of the
Danish National Symphony Orchestra and along with the
Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles is the most expensive concert hall ever built.
[187] Another important venue for classical music is the
Tivoli Concert Hall located in the
Tivoli Gardens.
[188] Designed by
Henning Larsen, the
Copenhagen Opera House (
Operaen) opened in 2005. It is among the most modern opera houses in the world.
[189] The
Royal Danish Theatre also stages opera in addition to its drama productions. It is also home to the
Royal Danish Ballet. Founded in 1748 along with the theatre, it is one of the oldest ballet troupes in Europe noted for its
Bournonville style of ballet.
[190]
Copenhagen has a significant
jazz scene that has existed for many years. It developed when a number of American
jazz musicians such as
Ben Webster,
Thad Jones,
Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins,
Kenny Drew,
Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell,
Dexter Gordon, and others such as
rock guitarist Link Wray
came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s. Every year in early July,
Copenhagen's streets, squares, parks as well as cafés and concert halls
fill up with big and small jazz concerts during the
Copenhagen Jazz Festival.
One of Europe's top jazz festivals, the annual event features around
900 concerts at 100 venues with over 200,000 guests from Denmark and
around the world.
The largest venue for
popular music in Copenhagen is
Vega in the
Vesterbro district. It was chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine
Live.
The venue has three concert halls: the great hall, Store Vega,
accommodates audiences of 1,550, the middle hall, Lille Vega, has space
for 500 and Ideal Bar Live has a capacity of 250.
[192] Every September since 2006, the Festival of Endless Gratitude (FOEG) has taken place in Copenhagen. This festival focuses on
indie counterculture,
experimental pop music and
left field music combined with
visual arts exhibitions.
[193]
For free entertainment one can stroll along
Strøget, especially between
Nytorv and
Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring
circus with musicians,
magicians,
jugglers and other
street performers.
[194]
Literature
Copenhagen's main public library
Most of Denmarks's major publishing houses are based in Copenhagen. These include the book publishers
Gyldendal and
Akademisk Forlag and newspaper publishers
Berlingske and
Politiken (the latter also publishing books).
[196][197]
Many of the most important contributors to Danish literature such as
Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875) with his fairy tales, the
philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) and playwright
Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) spent much of their lives in Copenhagen. Novels set in Copenhagen include
Baby (1973) by
Kirsten Thorup,
The Copenhagen Connection (1982) by
Barbara Mertz,
Number the Stars (1989) by
Lois Lowry,
Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow (1992) and
Borderliners (1993) by
Peter Høeg,
Music and Silence (1999) by
Rose Tremain,
The Danish Girl (2000) by
David Ebershoff, and
Sharpe's Prey (2001) by
Bernard Cornwell.
Michael Frayn's 1998 play
Copenhagen about the meeting between the
physicists Niels Bohr and
Werner Heisenberg
in 1941 is also set in the city. From 15–18 August 1973, an oral
literature conference took place in Copenhagen as part of the 9th
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences.
The
Royal Library, Denmark's national library, which also serves as the library of the
University of Copenhagen
is the largest library in the Nordic countries with an almost complete
collection of all printed Danish books since 1482. Founded in 1648, the
library is located at four sites in the city, the main one being on the
Slotsholmen waterfront.
[199] Copenhagen's public library network has over 20 outlets, the largest being the Central Library (
Københavns Hovedbibliotek) on
Krystalgade in the inner city.
[200]
Art
Interior of the National Gallery, combining new and old architecture
Copenhagen has a wide selection of art museums and galleries
displaying both historic works and more modern contributions. They
include
Statens Museum for Kunst, the Danish national gallery, in the
Østre Anlæg park and the adjacent
Hirschsprung Collection specialising in the 19th and early 20th century.
Kunsthal Charlottenborg in the city centre exhibits national and international contemporary art.
Den Frie Udstilling near the
Østerport Station exhibits paintings created and selected by contemporary artists themselves rather than by the official authorities. The
Arken Museum of Modern Art is located in southwestern
Ishøj.
[201] Among artists who have painted scenes of Copenhagen are
Martinus Rørbye (1803–1848),
[202] Christen Købke (1810–1848)
[203] and the prolific
Paul Gustav Fischer (1860–1934).
[204]
A number of notable sculptures can be see in the city. In addition to
the Little Mermaid on the waterfront, there are two historic equestrian
statues in the city centre:
Jacques Saly's
Frederik V on Horseback (1771) in Amalienborg Square
[205] and the statue of
Christian V on Kongens Nytorv created by Abraham-César Lamoureux in 1688 who was inspired by the statue of
Louis XIII in Paris.
[206] Rosenborg Castle Gardens contains several sculptures and monuments including
August Saabye's Hans Christian Andersen,
Aksel Hansen's Echo, and
Vilhelm Bissen's
Dowager Queen Caroline Amalie.
[207]
Copenhagen is believed to have invented the
photomarathon photography competition, which has been held in the City each year since 1989.
[208][209]
Cuisine
Noma is an example of Copenhagen's renowned experimental restaurants, and has gained two Michelin stars.
As of 2014, Copenhagen has 15
Michelin-starred restaurants, the most of any Scandinavian city.
[210] The city is increasingly recognized internationally as a gourmet destination.
[211]
These include Den Røde Cottage, Formel B Restaurant, Grønbech &
Churchill, Søllerød Kro, Kadeau, Kiin Kiin (Denmark's first
Michelin-starred Asian gourmet restaurant), the French restaurant Kong
Hans Kælder, Relæ, Restaurant AOC, and, each with two Michelin stars,
Geranium and
Noma (short for Danish:
nordisk
mad, English: Nordic food). Noma, was ranked as the
Best Restaurant in the World by
Restaurant in 2010, 2011, 2012, and again in 2014,
[212] sparking interest in the
New Nordic Cuisine.
[213]
Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a
great variety of Danish, ethnic and experimental restaurants. It is
possible to find modest eateries serving
open sandwiches, known as
smørrebrød – a traditional, Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes.
[214] Danish pastry
can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the
city. The Copenhagen Baker's Association dates back to the 1290s and
Denmark's oldest confectioner's shop still operating,
Conditori La Glace, was founded in 1870 in Skoubogade by Nicolaus Henningsen, a trained master baker from
Flensburg.
[215]
Copenhagen has long been associated with beer.
Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises on the border between the
Vesterbro and
Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with
Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of
microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than 100 breweries, many of which are located in Copenhagen. Some like
Nørrebro Bryghus also act as
brewpubs where it is also possible to eat on the premises.
[216][217]
Nightlife and festivals
Copenhagen Pride parade, 2008
Copenhagen has one of the highest number of restaurants and bars per
capita in the world. The nightclubs and bars stay open until 5 or 6 in
the morning, some even longer. Denmark has a very liberal alcohol
culture and a strong tradition for beer breweries, although binge
drinking is frowned upon and the Danish Police take
driving under the influence very seriously.
[218] Inner city areas such as
Istedgade and
Enghave Plads in
Vesterbro,
Sankt Hans Torv in
Nørrebro and certain places in
Frederiksberg
are vibrant and full of life even during the late hours. Notable
nightclubs include Bakken Kbh, HIVE, Jolene, The Jane on Gråbrødre
Square, Karriere Bar, KB3, Rust, Vega Nighclub, Culture Box and
Gefährlich, which also serves as a bar, café, restaurant, and art
gallery.
[219]
Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals, mainly in the summer.
Copenhagen Carnival has taken place every year since 1982 during the
Whitsun Holiday in
Fælledparken and around the city with the participation of 120 bands, 2,000 dancers and 100,000 spectators.
[220] Copenhagen Pride is a
gay pride festival taking place every year in August. Among the events is "Tivoli goes pink" which ends with a parade.
Copenhagen Distortion is a
youth culture
festival capturing the zeitgeist of the city. Every year (five days up
to the first weekend of June) it attracts up to 100,000 people in the
streets, shops, galleries, clubs, bars, in boats and buses, with a
cultural focus on street culture, art and upfront
dance music.
[221]
Since 2010 the old B&W Shipyard at Refshaleøen in the Copenhagen
harbour has been the location for the outdoor music festival Copenhell,
taking place every year in mid June. The festival is a large gathering
for heavy metal, hard rock and punk rock culture with concerts and other
on-site entertainment drawing thousands of visitors every year. Its
location close to the center of Copenhagen provides its visitors easy
and quick access to Copenhagen both by public transportation and
bicycle, as well as providing visitors with the possibility of
accommodation in the citys many hostels and hotels. Since its inception
in 2010 the festival has hosted concerts by such acts as
Alice in Chains,
Judas Priest,
Megadeth,
Slayer and many more.
[222]
Amusement parks
Copenhagen has the two oldest
amusement parks in the world.
[223][224]
Dyrehavsbakken, a fair-ground and pleasure-park established in 1583, is located in
Klampenborg just north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as
Dyrehaven. Created as an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by
Christian IV, it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the world.
[223] Pierrot (Danish:
Pjerrot),
a nitwit dressed in white with a scarlet grin wearing a boat-like hat
while entertaining children, remains one of the park's key attractions.
In Danish, Dyrehavsbakken is often abbreviated as
Bakken. There is no entrance fee to pay and
Klampenborg Station on the
C-line, is situated nearby.
[225]
The
Tivoli Gardens is an amusement park and pleasure garden located in central Copenhagen between the
City Hall Square and the
Central Station.
It opened in 1843, making it the second oldest amusement park in the
world. Among its rides are the oldest still operating rollercoaster
Rutschebanen from 1915 and the oldest
ferris wheel still in use, opened in 1943.
[226] Tivoli Gardens also serves as a venue for various performing arts and as an active part of the cultural scene in Copenhagen.
[227]
Education
Copenhagen has over 94,000 students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions:
University of Copenhagen (38,867 students),
[228] Copenhagen Business School (19,999 students),
[229] Metropolitan University College and
University College Capital (10,000 students each),
[230] Technical University of Denmark (7,000 students),
[231] KEA (c. 4,500 students),
[232] IT University of Copenhagen (2,000 students) and
Aalborg University – Copenhagen (2,300 students).
[233]
Copenhagen's higher-education system relies on
public universities. Most prominent among these is the
University of Copenhagen.
Founded in 1479, it is the oldest university in Denmark. A
world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around
the city, it forms part of the
International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), which encourages international collaboration between top universities including
Oxford,
Cambridge,
Yale,
Berkeley and
The Australian National University.
The University attracts some 1,500 international and exchange students
every year. It has repeatedly been ranked as one of the best
universities in Europe.
[234]
The
Technical University of Denmark (DTU),
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, is located in
Lyngby
in the northern outskirts of Copenhagen. In 2013, it was ranked as one
of the leading technical universities in Northern Europe.
[235]
The
IT University of Copenhagen
is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing
on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.
[236]
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (
Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi)
has provided a practice-oriented complement to the scholarly
investigation of the arts carried out at Danish universities for more
than 250 years. It includes the historical School of Visual Arts, and
has in later years come to include a
School of Architecture, a
School of Design and a School of Conservation.
[237] Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is an
EQUIS-accredited business school located in
Frederiksberg.
[238] There are also branches of both
University College Capital and
Metropolitan University College inside and outside Copenhagen.
[239][240]
Sport
The city has a variety of sporting teams. The major
football teams are the historically successful
FC København[241] and
Brøndby. FC København plays at
Parken
in Østerbro. Formed in 1992, it is a merger of two older Copenhagen
clubs, B 1903 (from the inner suburb Gentofte) and KB (from
Frederiksberg).
[242] Brøndby plays at
Brøndby Stadion in the inner suburb of
Brøndbyvester. BK Frem is based in the southern part of Copenhagen (Sydhavnen, Valby). Other teams are
FC Nordsjælland (from suburban
Farum),
Fremad Amager,
B93,
AB,
Frem,
Lyngby and
Hvidovre IF.
[243]
Copenhagen has several
handball teams—a sport which is particularly popular in Denmark. Of clubs playing in the "highest" leagues, there are Ajax, Ydun, and HIK (
Hellerup).
[243] The
København Håndbold women's club has recently been established.
[244] Copenhagen also has
ice hockey teams, of which three play in the top league,
Rødovre Mighty Bulls,
Herlev Eagles and
Hvidovre Ligahockey all inner suburban clubs.
Copenhagen Ice Skating Club founded in 1869 is the oldest ice hockey team in Denmark but is no longer in the top league.
[245]
Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as
CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Business School Sport Rugby,
Frederiksberg RK and
Rugbyklubben Speed.
Rugby League is now played in Copenhagen, with the national team playing out of
Gentofte Stadion. The
Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest
Australian rules football competition outside of the
English speaking world.
[243][246]
Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual
marathon event, was established in 1980.
[247] Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a 2 km (1.2 mi)
open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August.
[248] This amateur event is combined with a 10 km (6 mi) Danish championship.
[249] In 2009 the event included a 10 km (6 mi) FINA World Cup competition in the morning. Copenhagen hosted the
2011 UCI Road World Championships
in September 2011, taking advantage of its bicycle-friendly
infrastructure. It was the first time that Denmark had hosted the event
since 1956, when it was also held in Copenhagen.
[250]
Transport
The greater Copenhagen area has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe.
Copenhagen Airport, opened in 1925, is Scandinavia's largest airport, located in
Kastrup on the island of Amager. It is connected to the city centre by metro and main line railway services.
[251]
October 2013 was a record month with 2.2 million passengers, and
November 2013 figures reveal that the number of passengers is increasing
by some 3% annually, about 50% more than the European average.
[252]
Copenhagen is served by a daily ferry connection to
Oslo in Norway.
[253]
In 2012, Copenhagen Harbour handled 372 cruise ships and 840,000
passengers. As a result of the growth in the cruise industry facilities
are being expanded and improved. At the World Travel Awards in 2012,
Copenhagen Port was once again named Europe's leading cruise port after
receiving the award every year since 2008.
[254]
The
Copenhagen S-Train,
Copenhagen Metro and the regional train networks are used by about half of the city's passengers, the remainder using bus services.
Nørreport Station
near the city centre serves passengers travelling by main-line rail,
S-train, regional train, metro and bus. Some 750,000 passengers make use
of public transport facilities every day.
[255] Copenhagen Central Station is the hub of the
DSB railway network serving Denmark and international destinations.
[256]
Copenhagen has an extensive road network including motorways
connecting the city to other parts of Denmark and to Sweden over the
Øresund Bridge.
[255]
The car is still the most popular form of transport within the city
itself, representing two-thirds of all distances travelled. This can
however lead to serious congestion in rush hour traffic.
[257]
The Danish capital is known as one of the most
bicycle-friendly cities in the world.
[258] Every day 1.2 million km are covered by
Copenhagen's cyclists. Some 37% of all citizens cycle to work, school or university. The city's
bicycle paths
are extensive and well used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the
main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems, giving
the cyclists a lead of a couple of seconds to accelerate.
[259]
Healthcare
Promoting health is an extremely important issue for Copenhagen's
municipal authorities. Central to its sustainability mission is its
"Long Live Copenhagen" (
Længe Leve København) scheme in which it
has the goal of increasing the life expectancy of citizens, improving
quality of life through better standards of health, and encouraging more
productive lives and equal opportunities.
[260] The city has targets to encourage people to exercise regularly and to reduce the number who smoke and consume alcohol.
[260]
Copenhagen University Hospital forms a conglomerate of several hospitals in
Region Hovedstaden and
Region Sjælland, together with the faculty of
health sciences at the University of Copenhagen;
Rigshospitalet and
Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen belong to this group of university hospitals. Rigshospitalet began operating in March 1757 as Frederiks Hospital,
and became state-owned in 1903. With 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has
responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000
outpatients annually. It seeks to be the number one specialist hospital
in the country, with an extensive team of researchers into cancer
treatment, surgery and radiotherapy.
[263]
In addition to its 8,000 personnel, the hospital has training and
hosting functions. It benefits from the presence of in-service students
of medicine and other healthcare sciences, as well as scientists working
under a variety of research grants. The hospital became internationally
famous as the location of
Lars von Trier's television horror mini-series
The Kingdom.
Bispebjerg Hospital was built in 1913, and serves about 400,000 people
in the Greater Copenhagen area, with some 3,000 employees.
[264] Other large hospitals in the city include
Amager Hospital (1997),
[265] Hvidovre Hospital (1970),
[266] and
Gentofte Hospital (1927).
[267]
Media
Many Danish media corporations are located in Copenhagen.
DR, the major Danish
public service broadcasting corporation collected their activities in a new headquarters,
DR Byen, in 2006 and 2007. Similarly
TV2 which is based in
Odense has concentrated its Copenhagen activities in a modern media house in
Teglholmen.
[268] The two national daily newspapers
Politiken and
Berlingske Tidende and the two
tabloids Ekstra Bladet and
B.T. are based in Copenhagen.
[269] Other important media corporations include
Aller Media which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in
Scandinavia,
[270] the
Egmont media group[271] and
Gyldendal, the largest Danish publisher of books.
[272]
Copenhagen also has a sizable film and television industry.
Nordisk Film, established in Valby, Copenhagen in 1906 is the oldest continuously operating film production company in the world.
[220] In 1992 it merged with the Egmont media group and currently runs the 17-screen
Palads Cinema in Copenhagen.
Filmbyen (movie city), located in a former
military camp in the suburb of
Hvidovre, houses several movie companies and
studios. Among the movie companies is
Zentropa, co-owned by Danish
movie director Lars von Trier who is behind several international movie productions as well as a founding force behind the
Dogme Movement.
[273] CPH:PIX is Copenhagen's international feature film festival, established in 2009 as a fusion of the 20-year-old
Natfilm festival and the four-year-old CIFF. The CPH:PIX festival takes place in mid-April.
CPH:DOX
is Copenhagen's international documentary film festival, every year in
November. On top of its documentary film programme of over 100 films,
CPH:DOX includes a wide
event programme with dozens of events, concerts, exhibitions and parties all over town.
[274]
Notable people
*******************************************************
Copenhagen
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Copenhagen (phiên âm tiếng Việt: Cô-pen-ha-ghen; tiếng Đan Mạch: København, IPA: [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn]) là thủ đô và là thành phố lớn nhất của Đan Mạch, đồng thời là thành phố lớn thứ hai trong khu vực Bắc Âu (chỉ thua thành phố Stockholm - thủ đô của Thuỵ Điển). Copenhagen có 1.153.615 cư dân (2008)[1]. Với công trình cầu Oresund nối liền hai quốc gia Đan Mạch-Thụy Điển, Copenhagen đã trở thành trung tâm của vùng đô thị Đan Mạch-Thụy Điển có tên là Oresund. Đây là vùng lớn nhất Scandinavia với dân số trên 3,5 triệu người[2]. Với cương vị thủ đô, Copenhagen là nơi đặt trụ sở của các cơ quan lập pháp, hành pháp và tư pháp trung ương của Đan Mạch.
Tên gọi
Tên thành phố thời trung cổ là Køpmannæhafn, tiếng Đan Mạch cổ, có nghĩa là Cảng của các nhà buôn,
thể hiện tầm quan trọng của các nhà buôn đối với thành phố trong thời
điểm đó. Một loạt tên bằng các ngôn ngữ khác dựa theo tên nguyên thủy
tiếng Đan Mạch. Ví dụ Kopenhagen trong tiếng Đức và tiếng Hà Lan, Copenhagen trong tiếng Anh, Copenhague trong tiếng Pháp, tiếng Bồ Đào Nha và tiếng Tây ban nha, Hafnia trong tiếng Latin, Copenaghen trong tiếng Ý, Köpenhamn trong tiếng Thụy Điển, Koppenhága trong tiếng Hungary, Kööpenhamina trong tiếng Phần Lan, Kopenhaga trong tiếng Ba Lan, Kопенга́ген trong tiếng Nga, Kaupmannahöfn trong tiếng Iceland vv... Người dân tỉnh lẻ - nhất là ở Jutland - đôi khi cũng gọi theo tiếng lóng là Københavnstrup.
Một nguyên tố hóa học được phát hiện tại viện Niels Bohr năm 1923 được đặt tên là hafnium, theo tên tiếng Latin của thành phố[3].
Địa lý
Copenhagen nằm trên 3 đảo là Amager, Slotsholmen và phần phía đông đảo Zealand. Một loạt cầu và đường hầm nối liền các phần của thành phố trên 3 đảo này[4].
Lịch sử
Có 1 phần di tích từ thời tiền sử là vết tích 1 nơi cư ngụ bên bờ biển từ thời đại đồ đá mới, được tìm thấy ở khu vực Copenhagen, khi xây dựng Strandpark ở đảo Amager bên Eo biển Oresund. Các gò mộ cổ ở vùng ngoại ô cũng chứng tỏ nơi đây đã có người cư ngụ từ thời đại Viking.
Người ta cho rằng ở khoảng năm 1000, Copenhagen chỉ là 1 thôn nhỏ của
các ngư dân, ở vị trí phía bắc Tòa đô chính hiện nay, tại khoảng đường
Mikkel Brygger. Tuy nhiên khi đào đường xe điện ngầm,
người ta đã tìm thấy dấu vết các cầu tàu ở Gammel Strand (Bãi biển cũ),
từ khoảng năm 800. Khi đào hầm để làm nhà ga xe điện ngầm ở Kongens Nytorv người ta lại tìm thêm được vết tích 1 nhà từ thời đại Viking[5].
Thành phố được nêu với tên "Havn" lần đầu trong các nguồn sử liệu là 1 trận hải chiến giữa Svend Estridsen với vua Na Uy
Magnus den Gode năm 1043. Sau đó, trong suốt 120 năm sau, không thấy
nhắc tới tên này nữa, điều đó chứng tỏ là Copenhagen thời đó chỉ có tầm
quan trọng thứ yếu so với các thành phố khác. Dường như trong thế kỷ 12,
thành phố nổi lên vì nằm ở vị trí giữa các thành phố lớn có nhà thờ chính tòa là thành phố Lund (nam Thụy Điển, thời đó thuộc Đan Mạch) và thành phố Roskilde,
do đó là điểm nút giao thông và buôn bán quan trọng giữa 2 thành phố
lớn đó. Ở nửa sau thế kỷ 12, thành phố nhỏ tên "Hafn" hoặc
"Køpmænnahafn" lại được Saxo Grammaticus nói đến, khi cho biết là khoảng năm 1160, thành phố này được trao cho giám mục Absalon - không biết năm chính xác, vì giấy trao tặng không còn tìm thấy. Tuy nhiên, ở Nha Văn khố quốc gia còn lưu 1 thư xác nhận của giáo hoàng Urban III ký ngày 21.10.1186 (26 năm sau) với phong bì có dấu niêm phong. Khoảng 1167-1171, Absalon xây 1 lâu pháo đài và 1 tường thành. Dường như lâu pháo đài đó nằm trên đảo nhỏ Slotsholmen, chỗ lâu đài Christianborg ngày nay. Cũng dường như chính Absalon đã xây 1 nhà thờ đầu tiên trong thành phố là nhà thờ thánh Clemens.
Ngoài ra, Absalon cũng được trao cho các thành phố khác là Serridslev, Vigerslev, Valby, Brønshøj, Emdrup, Vanløse, Virum, Bagsværd, Rødovre, Tårnby và Nærum (đều ở Zealand).
Dấu triện của thành phố năm 1296
Thành phố bắt đầu phát triển trong thời kỳ Absalon lãnh đạo, nhất là
trong thế kỷ 13, thành phố mở rộng phần lớn giữa quảng trường Kongens
Nytorv và quảng trường Tòa đô chính (Rådhuspladsen). Các Nhà thờ Đức Bà,
Tu viện dòng Phanxicô, nhà thờ thánh Phêrô, thánh Nicolai đều được xây
trong nửa đầu thế kỷ 13. Thế kỷ này là thế kỷ bất ổn trong lịch sử Đan
Mạch vì có cuộc tranh chấp gay gắt về quyền làm chủ các thành phố giữa
các vua và các giám mục. Năm 1251 giám mục Jacob Erlandsen đã ép vua
Abel trao thành phố cho ông ta, và năm 1254 lần đầu tiên ông ta đã cho
thành phố này quyền là thành phố lớn. Tuy nhiên chỉ 5 năm sau, năm 1259,
thành phố bị hoàng thân Jaromar tấn công chiếm đóng.
Sau đó thành phố dân dần lớn lên trở thành thành phố lớn nhất và quan trọng nhất vương quốc, mặc dù chưa trở thành thủ đô.
Cuộc chiến tranh giữa các thành phố buôn bán Đức với vua Đan Mạch Valdemar Atterdag,
khiến cho thành phố bị chiếm và lâu pháo đài bị phá năm 1368. Năm 1419,
cuối cùng vua Erik af Pommern đã hoàn toàn nắm thành phố từ tay giáo
hội. Từ đó các vua Đan Mạch đều coi Copenhagen là thành phố quan trọng
và năm 1443 vua Christoffer III đã biến thành phố thành nơi cư ngụ của
nhà vua và gia tộc.
Năm 1479, trường đại học Copenhagen được thành lập.
Dưới thời Cải cách (sang đạo Tin Lành)
và trong cuộc nổi dậy của bá tước Christoffer af Oldenburg (1534-36),
dân thành phố đứng về phe vua thất trận Christìan II, nhưng được tha,
không bị vua mới Christian III trả thù.
Dưới thời vua Christian IV, các tường thành phố cũ dọc theo đường Gothersgade bị phá bỏ, thành phố mở rộng tới khoảng đoạn đường sắt
hiện nay giữa Nørreport và Østerport, trong khi các bờ lũy bao quanh
thời trung cổ được hiện đại hóa và được mở rộng với các công sự phòng
thủ ở khu mới Christianshavn.
Từ 1658-1660 dưới thời chiến tranh với Thụy Điển lần I, Copenhagen là
khu vực cuối cùng còn ở trong sự kiểm soát của Đan Mạch, mặc dù bị quân
Thụy Điển bao vây. Tháng 2/1659, quân Thụy Điển tìm cách tấn công thành
phố, nhưng quân và dân thành phố đã giữ vững và quân Thụy Điển tiếp tục
bao vây tới ngày 27.5.1660.
Khi vua Frederik III lập chế độ quân chủ chuyên chế năm 1660 thì
Copenhagen càng trở nên quan trọng, vì mọi quyết định đối với quốc gia
đều xuất phát từ đây. Năm 1664 chiến lũy của thành phố được hoàn tất ở
khu Østerport. Năm 1711-1712 Copenhagen bị 1 trận dịch hạch lớn nhất trong lịch sử, giết chết khoảng 20.000 người trong tổng số khoảng 60.000 cư dân. Năm 1728 Copenhagen lại bị 1 trận hỏa hoạn thiêu hủy hơn 1/4 thành phố.
Năm 1748 người ta lập khu Frederiksstaden
ở phía bắc quảng trường, sau này dinh Amalienborg được xây ở đây. Nửa
sau thế kỷ 18, Copenhagen phát triển nhanh, nhờ lợi dụng việc tranh chấp
thương mại giữa Anh và Pháp.
Năm 1794, dinh Christiansborg bị cháy và năm 1795 lại 1 trận hỏa hoạn
nữa thiêu hủy khu cổ thành. Sau đó hạm đội Đan Mạch bị hạm đội Anh bắt
giữ, rồi cuộc bắn phá thành phố của quân Anh năm 1807, khiến cho thành
phố hư hại nhiều.
Sau 1 số năm bị khủng hoảng, thành phố lại bắt đầu phát triển nhanh
trong thế kỷ 19. Về văn hóa, Copenhagen là cái khung cho thời kỳ vàng
son lịch sử của Đan Mạch. Tuy nhiên cái nổi bật nhất là việc kỹ nghệ hóa trong nửa sau thế kỷ 19.
Sau trận dịch tả
đáng sợ năm 1853, người ta quyết định phá bỏ các tường thành có tính
quân sự cũ và người dân bắt đầu định cư ở vùng bên ngoài các tường thành
này, tạo thành các khu mới với cầu nối như Nørrebro (từ 1852), Vesterbro, Østerbro, Amagerbro, Islands Brygge
(từ 1905) khiến cho dân số tăng nhanh. Khoảng năm 1800 Copenhagen có
khoảng 100.000 dân nhưng đến đầu thế kỷ 20 đã có xấp xỉ 500.000 dân và
trở nên thành phố công nghiệp lớn.
Năm 1905, xây Tòa đô chính và năm 1911 xây Nhà ga xe lửa chính.
Sau thế chiến thứ nhất,
mọi thứ đều thiếu thốn và nạn thất nghiệp lớn khiến cho các khu dân lao
động bất ổn. Sau đó dần dần thành phố mở rộng tới các kkhu ngoại thành,
và việc giao thông công cộng cũng mở rộng. Năm 1934 khai trương tuyến đường sắt cho xe điện nội thành và vùng ngoại ô.
Trong thế chiến thứ hai Copenhagen cũng như toàn Đan Mạch bị quân Đức quốc xã chiếm đóng tới khi kết thúc chiến tranh, ngày 5.5.1945. Nhiều nhà bị phá - hoặc do du kích phá hoại hoặc do quân Đồng Minh ném bom - trong đó có thể kể đến Shellhuset, đại bản doanh của Gestapo (bị bom của Anh phá ngày 21.3.1945). Trong cuộc ném bom này, Den Franske Skole
(trường Pháp) ở Frederiksberg cũng không may bị trúng bom, giết chết
nhiều học sinh. Nhiều nhà máy kỹ nghệ cũng bị quân kháng chiến Đan Mạch
cho nổ tung.
Sau chiến tranh, thành phố gia tăng nhiều xe hơi, khiến nảy sinh kế
hoạch phát triển thành phố theo dạng 5 ngón tay xòe ra từ mạng lưới xe
điện nội ngoại thành. Một số nkhu ngoại thành đã nhanh chóng mọc lên.
Sau năm 1990 Copenhagen bắt đầu phát triển nhanh hơn nữa với hệ thống xe điện ngầm, khu thể thao - văn hóa hiện đại Parken và cả các khu thành phố hoàn toàn mới (Ørestad, Islands Brygge, Teglholmen) gần ngay khu trung tâm.
Nhất là sau khi xây xong Cầu Oresund và Copenhagen trở thành trung tâm vùng Oresund thì thành phố là 1 trong các nơi có giá sinh hoạt đắt đỏ nhất.[6]
Hành chính
Các khu vực hành chính ở Copenhagen
Børsen Nhà giao dịch chứng khoán
Khu vực Copenhagen trực thuộc 2 vùng hành chính là Vùng Thủ đô và Vùng Zealand và gồm có các thị xã hành chính sau:
- Thị xã Copenhagen
- Thị xã Frederiksberg
- Thị xã Albertslund
- Thị xã Brøndby
- Thị xã Gentofte
- Thị xã Gladsaxe
- Thị xã Glostrup
- Thị xã Herlev
- Thị xã Hvidovre
- Thị xã Lyngby-Taarbæk
- Thị xã Rødovre
- Thị xã Tårnby
- Thị xã Vallensbæk
và là 1 phần của các thị xã sau:
Thị xã Copenhagen là thị xã đông dân nhất với khoảng 500.000 dân (gần
nửa dân số của Copenhagen). Các thị xã lớn khác như Thị xã
Frederiksberg (93.000), Gentofte (69.000) và Gladsaxe (62.500), còn các
thị xã nhỏ như Vallensbæk có 12.000. Về diện tích, thị xã Copehagen cũng
lớn nhất với 88 km², Lyngby-Taarbæk (39 km²), trong khi các thị xã nhỏ
như Frederiksberg có 9 km².
Thị xã Frederiksberg là nơi có mật độ dân số lớn nhất Đan Mạch với 10.600 dân/km².
Cơ quan cao nhất của thị xã là Hội đồng thành phố Copenhagen, gọi là
Borgerrepræsentationen
(Ban đại diện nhân dân) gồm 55 thành viên, do dân bầu trực tiếp mỗi 4
năm 1 lần. Cuộc bầu cử lần chót diễn ra trong tháng 11/2005 với số đại
biểu thuộc các đảng sau:
Hội đồng thành phố này có các tiểu ban sau:
Dân số
Biểu đồ phát triển dân số của thị xã Copenhagen.
Bên phải là Biểu đồ phát triển dân số của riêng Thị xã Copenhagen,
trong tính các thị xã ngoại ô Bên dưới là Bảng kê dân số từ thời xưa:
Du lịch & Văn hóa
Các thắng cảnh
- Tượng người cá (Den lille Havfrue), ở Langelinie, do Edvard Eriksen thiết kế theo yêu cầu của chủ hãng bia Carl Jacobsen, được khánh thành ngày 23.8.1913. Tượng thể hiện người cá Havfruen trong truyện thần tiên của Hans Christian Andersen, dựa theo khuôn mặt của nữ diễn viên Ellen Price và thân người dựa theo Eline, vợ của Edward Eriksen.
Các nhà hát & Nhà hát Opera
Nhà hát thành phố, nhìn từ Quảng trường Vesterbro
Các nhà bảo tàng
Thể thao
- Câu lạc bộ bóng đá FC København, chơi ở giải Siêu hạng Đan Mạch.
- Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Brøndby IF, chơi ở gải Siêu hạng Đan Mạch.
- Một số đội bóng hạng 1 và hạng 2 như AB, B.93, Brønshøj, Frem, Fremad Amager, HIK và Skjold.
- Đội bóng ném nam FCK Håndbold, chơi ở giải hạng nhất nam.
- Đội bóng ném nữ Copenhagen, chơi ở giải hạng nhất nữ.
- Các đội bóng ném Ajax Heroes, Ydun và HIK, chơi ở giải hạng 2.
- Từ 1988 tới 2003, giải quần vợt Copenhagen Open (ATP) được tổ chức hàng năm ở KB-Hallen tại Frederiksberg
- Giải Copenhagen Athletics Games từ 2005-2007
- Các câu lạc bộ chèo thuyền DSR và Kvik, hàng năm đêu tham dự cuộc đua "svanemøllematch"[9], từ năm 1895
- Các câu lạc bộ đua thuyền khác như Københavns Roklub, SAS, Amager Ro- og Kajakklub và Bagsværd Roklub.[10]
Ở Thị xã Copenhagen, người ta đang lập kế hoạch biến thành phố thành nơi tổ chức các sự kiện thể thao quốc tế.
[11], trong đó có việc xin tổ chức
Thế vận hội mùa hè 2020. Ngoài ra Copenhagen cũng là chủ nhà của giải
World Outgames 2009, giải thể thao quốc tế cho các người
đồng tính luyến ái.
[12]
Giáo dục & Đào tạo
Thành phố có cá trường đào tạo sau đây:
Kinh tế
Năm 2008, thu nhập bình quân của dân Copenhagen là 1 trong số thu nhập cao nhất thế giới (hạng thứ 6)
[14]. Đồng thời Copenhagen cũng là thành phố có giá sinh hoạt vào hạng cao trên thế giới
[15]
Copenhagen cũng là nơi đặt trụ sở chính của các công ty, xí nghiệp lớn như
Ngân hàng quốc gia,
Danske Bank,
Phòng giao dịch chứng khoán, công ty dược phẩm
Novo Nordisk, các hãng
Lundbeck,
Ferring,
Tập đoàn A. P. Møller-Mærsk,
Torm,
D/S Norden,
J. Lauritzen,
Carlsberg,
ISS,
Falck-Securitas,
Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni vv...
[16]
Các nhà cao tầng
Các cư dân nổi tiếng
- Herman Bang, nhà văn & nhà báo
- Niels Bohr, nhà vật lý đoạt giải Nobel
- Aage Niels Bohr, nhà vật lý đoạt giải Nobel (con của Niels Bohr)
- Georg Brandes, nhà phê bình văn học
- Helena Christensen, siêu người mẫu
- Tove Ditlevsen, nhà văn
- Carl Theodor Dreyer, đạo diễn điện ảnh
- Iben Hjejle, diễn viên
- Peter Høeg, nhà văn
- Arne Jacobsen, nhà thiết kế mẫu
- J. C. Jacobsen, người sáng lập hãng bia Carlsberg
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- Robert Jacobsen nghệ sĩ
- Søren Kierkegaard, triết gia
- Michael Laudrup, cầu thủ bóng đá nổi tiếng & huấn luyện viên
- Bjørn Lomborg, nhà thống kê, tác giả The Skeptical Environmentalist
- Lauritz Melchior, ca sĩ opera
- Mads Mikkelsen, diễn viên
- Peter Schmeichel, cầu thủ bóng đá
- Lars von Trier, đạo diễn điện ảnh
- Dan Turèll, nhà văn
- Jørn Utzon, kiến trúc sư, tác giả đồ án Sydney Opera House
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Thành phố kết nghĩa
Tham khảo
(tiếng Đan Mạch) Statistical Yearbook of Copenhagen (part English);
ISBN 87-7024-230-5 (tiếng Đan Mạch) København Forslag til kommuneplan 1985;
ISBN 87-88034-03-8
**********************************************************
Chu du những quốc gia hạnh phúc
nhất thế giới
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Theo Hồng Duy
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Đan Mạch đứng đầu
trong danh sách những quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất thế giới năm 2013 theo
bảng xếp hạng của Mạng lưới Các giải pháp phát triển bền vững Liên Hiệp
Quốc (UNSDSN).
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Việc lựa
chọn dựa vào 6 tiêu chí, bao gồm GDP bình quân trên đầu
người, trợ cấp xã hội, sức khỏe, vấn nạn tham nhũng, tự do
lựa chọn cuộc sống và sự rộng lượng của con người. Theo các
tiêu chí đó, Australia đứng thứ 10 với 7.350 điểm.
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Trong số
10 quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất có 8 nước thuộc châu Âu. Xếp ngay
sau Australia trong danh sách hạnh phúc nhất thế giới là
Iceland với 5 điểm nhiều hơn.
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Là quốc
gia hạnh phúc thứ 8 trên thế giới, Áo đạt 7.369 điểm.
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Cả 8 nước
châu Âu trong danh sách hạnh phúc đều có khi hậu ôn hòa, GPD
bình quân cao cùng phúc lợi xã hội đáng mơ ước. Đứng thứ 7
là Phần Lan.
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Canada là
đại diện duy nhất của châu Mỹ lọt vào danh sách 10 quốc gia
hạnh phúc nhất thế giới. Không những vậy, quốc gia Bắc Mỹ
này xếp trên 3 nước Bắc Âu để đứng thứ 6 trong danh sách
hạnh phúc nhất thế giới.
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Quốc gia
Bắc Âu Thụy Điển xếp thứ 5 với 7.480 điểm.
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Hà Lan,
quốc gia nằm dưới mực nước biển, thiên đường của những loài
hoa đứng thứ 4 trong danh sách hạnh phúc.
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Xếp trên
Hà Lan là Thụy Sỹ với điểm số 7.650.
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Khi các
quốc gia Bắc Âu liên tiếp nằm trong danh sách hạnh phúc nhất
hành tinh, các quốc gia lục địa đen châu Phi lại chi nhau
xếp cuối danh sách. Trong khi Na Uy xếp thứ 2 với 7.655
điểm, Rwanda, Burundi, Cộng hòa Trung Phi, Benin và Togo xếp
cuối danh sách.
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Do đứng
đầu trên mọi tiêu chí, Đan Mạch chiếm vị trí đầu tiên trong
danh sách "Những quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất thế giới" năm nay.
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