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| Tàu đang vào cảng Rotterdam
Cảng Rotterdam lớn nhất châu Âu và lớn
thứ nhất thế giới từ năm 1962 nhưng năm 2004 đã bị cảng tại Thượng Hải đoạt lấy danh hiệu này.
Rotterdam, thành phố ở Tây Nam Hà Lan, thành phố lớn nhất ở tỉnh Nam Hà Lan (Zuid-Holland)
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Bến đỗ Cảnh sát Hòa Lan đang chỉ và hướng dẫn du khách |
nhiều cao ốc như Deloitte
trên cầu nhìn rất đẹp
một ngày gió và sương mù
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| Đến phố rồi |
cảm thấy nhỏ bé quá
Vào tiệm uống cà phê có wifi
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cà phê có ngon không? text thú vị hơn ?  |
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| Cụ Hòa Lan này muốn chụp hình với KĐ |
đến giờ ăn trưa rồi
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| tình cờ gặp đồng hương trong quán ăn |
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| được tô mì vịt thật ngon |
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| mì xỉu cảo xá xíu ! |
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có ai còn bụng để ăn bên tiệm Hong Kong không?
thêm quán Nhật Sushi nữa
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| qua cầu gió quá |
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| gió quá tóc rối bời, lần đầu cảm nhận thế nào là qua cầu gió bay |
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| gió quá nên hư dù |
hoàng hôn xuống rồi
tối rồi Royal pricess phải rời bến, au revoir !
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Rotterdam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Rotterdam (disambiguation).
| Rotterdam | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| City and Municipality | |||
 Rotterdam skyline by night with the Erasmus Bridge (left) across the Nieuwe Maas in 2012 |
|||
|
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| Nickname(s): Rotown, Roffa, Rotjeknor | |||
| Motto: Sterker door strijd (Stronger by struggle) | |||
 Location in South Holland |
|||
| Coordinates: 51°55′N 4°30′ECoordinates: 51°55′N 4°30′E | |||
| Country | Netherlands | ||
| Province | South Holland | ||
| Boroughs | |||
| Government[1] | |||
| • Body | Municipal council | ||
| • Mayor | Ahmed Aboutaleb (PvdA) | ||
| • Aldermen | |||
| Area[2][3] | |||
| • Municipality | 325.79 km2 (125.79 sq mi) | ||
| • Land | 208.80 km2 (80.62 sq mi) | ||
| • Water | 116.99 km2 (45.17 sq mi) | ||
| • Randstad | 3,043 km2 (1,175 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation[4] | 0 m (0 ft) | ||
| Population (Municipality, May 2014; Urban and Metro, May 2014; Randstad, 2011)[3][5][6] | |||
| • Municipality | 619,879 | ||
| • Density | 2,969/km2 (7,690/sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 1,015,215 | ||
| • Metro | 1,181,284 | ||
| • Randstad | 6,979,500 | ||
| Demonym | Rotterdammer | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postcode | 3000–3099 | ||
| Area code | 010 | ||
| Website | www.rotterdam.nl | ||
)) is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam constructed in 1270 on the Rotte River, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre. Its strategic location at the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta on the North Sea
and at the heart of a massive rail, road, air and inland waterway
distribution system extending throughout Europe is the reason that
Rotterdam is often called the "Gateway to Europe".Located in the province of South Holland, Rotterdam is in the west of Netherlands and the south of the Randstad. The population of the city was 619,879 in 2014. The population of the greater Rotterdam area, called "Rotterdam-Rijnmond" or just "Rijnmond", is approximately 1.3 million. The combined urban area of Rotterdam and The Hague with a population of approximately 2.9 million is the 206th largest urban area in the world and the most populous in the Netherlands. Rotterdam is known for its university (Erasmus), cutting-edge architecture, lively cultural life, striking riverside setting and maritime heritage. It is also known for the Rotterdam Blitz.
The largest port in Europe and one of the busiest ports in the world, the port of Rotterdam was the world's busiest port from 1962 to 2004, when it was surpassed by Shanghai. Rotterdam's commercial and strategic importance is based on its location near the mouth of the Nieuwe Maas (New Meuse), a channel in the delta formed by the Rhine and Meuse on the North Sea. These rivers lead directly into the centre of Europe, including the industrial Ruhr region.
Contents
History
See also: Timeline of Rotterdam
On 7 July 1340, Count Willem IV of Holland granted city rights to Rotterdam, which then had approximately 2000 inhabitants. Around 1350 a shipping canal, the Rotterdamse Schie was completed, which provided Rotterdam access to the larger towns in the north, allowing it to become a local transshipment centre between Holland, England and Germany, and to urbanize.
The Delftsevaart in c. 1890–1905
The greatest spurt of growth, both in port activity and population, followed the completion of the Nieuwe Waterweg in 1872. The city and harbor started to expand on the south bank of the river. The Witte Huis or White House skyscraper,[7] inspired by American office buildings and built in 1898 in the French Chateau-style, is evidence of Rotterdam's rapid growth and success. When completed, it was the tallest office building in Europe, with a height of 45 m (147.64 ft).
Rotterdam centre after the 1940 bombing of Rotterdam. The ruined St. Lawrence' Church has been restored
During World War II, the German army invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. Adolf Hitler had hoped to conquer the country in just one day, but his forces met unexpectedly fierce resistance. The Dutch army was finally forced to capitulate on 15 May 1940, following Hitler's bombing Rotterdam on 14 May and threatening to bomb other Dutch cities. The heart of Rotterdam was almost completely destroyed by the Luftwaffe. 80,000 Civilians were made homeless and 900 were killed; a relatively low number because many had fled the city because of the warfare and bombing going on in Rotterdam since the start of the invasion three days earlier. The City Hall survived the bombing. Ossip Zadkine later attempted to capture the event with his statue De Verwoeste Stad ('The Destroyed City'). The statue stands near the Leuvehaven, not far from the Erasmusbrug in the centre of the city, on the north shore of the river Nieuwe Maas.
Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through the 1970s. It remained quite windy and open until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy. Daring and new styles of apartments, office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more 'livable' city centre with a new skyline. In the 1990s, the Kop van Zuid was built on the south bank of the river as a new business centre.
Geography
Topographic map image of Rotterdam (city), as of March 2014
The city centre is located on the northern bank of the Nieuwe Maas, although recent urban development has extended the center to parts of southern Rotterdam known as De Kop van Zuid ('the Head of South', i.e. the northern part of southern Rotterdam). From its inland core, Rotterdam reaches the North Sea by a swathe of predominantly harbour area.
Built mostly behind dikes, large parts of the Rotterdam are below sea level. For instance, the Prins Alexander Polder in the northeast of Rotterdam extends 6 metres (20 ft) below sea level, or rather below Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP) or 'Amsterdam Ordnance Datum'. The lowest point in the Netherlands (6.76 metres (22.2 ft) below NAP) is situated just to the east of Rotterdam, in the municipality of Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel.
Satellite image of Rotterdam and its port
The 24 cities of the Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area
Rotterdam forms the centre of the Rijnmond conurbation, bordering the conurbation surrounding The Hague to the north-west. The two conurbations are close enough to be a single conurbation. They share the Rotterdam The Hague Airport and a light rail system called RandstadRail. Consideration is being given to creating an official Metropolitan region Rotterdam The Hague (Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag), which would have a combined population approaching 2.5 million.
On its turn, the Rijnmond conurbation is part of the southern wing (the Zuidvleugel) of the Randstad, which is one of the most important economic and densely populated areas in the north-west of Europe. Having a population of 7.1 million, the Randstad is the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe (after Moscow, London, the Ruhr Area, Istanbul, and Paris). The Zuidvleugel, situated in the province of South Holland, has a population of around 3 million.
Climate
Rotterdam experiences a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the Netherlands. With its location near the coast its climate is slightly milder than locations further inland.| [hide]Climate data for Rotterdam The Hague Airport | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
32.8 (91) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
34.9 (94.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.2 (72) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.9 (66) |
14.7 (58.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.8 (64) |
17.6 (63.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.8 (46) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.8 (55) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.1 (1.2) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 69.1 (2.72) |
57.9 (2.28) |
64.9 (2.555) |
42.6 (1.677) |
58.3 (2.295) |
65.2 (2.567) |
74.0 (2.913) |
81.0 (3.189) |
87.1 (3.429) |
90.1 (3.547) |
87.1 (3.429) |
78.3 (3.083) |
855.6 (33.685) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 12 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 132 |
| Avg. snowy days | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 23 |
| % humidity | 88 | 85 | 83 | 78 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 84 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 83.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.5 | 83.8 | 124.0 | 174.9 | 213.9 | 203.6 | 213.1 | 196.6 | 137.6 | 106.9 | 60.4 | 46.7 | 1,623.8 |
| Source #1: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1981–2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1971–2000 extremes)[10] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1796 | 53,200 | — |
| 1830 | 72,300 | +35.9% |
| 1849 | 90,100 | +24.6% |
| 1879 | 148,100 | +64.4% |
| 1899 | 318,500 | +115.1% |
| 1925 | 547,900 | +72.0% |
| 1965 | 731,000 | +33.4% |
| 1984 | 555,000 | −24.1% |
| 2005 | 596,407 | +7.5% |
| 2006 | 588,576 | −1.3% |
| 2007 | 584,046 | −0.8% |
| 2010 | 603,425 | +3.3% |
| 2011 | 612,502 | +1.5% |
| 2012 | 617,347 | +0.8% |
Composition
On 1 January 2007 (source: Statistics Netherlands), the municipality covered an area of 319 km2 (206.44 km2 of which is land) with a population of 603,425. It is part of a larger metropolitan area with a total population (including Dordrecht and surrounding cities) of approximately 1.6 million. In 1965, the municipal population of Rotterdam reached its peak of 731,000, but by 1984 it had decreased to 555,000 as a result of suburbanization.Rotterdam consists of 14 submunicipalities: Centrum ('Center'), Charlois (including Heijplaat), Delfshaven, Feijenoord, Hillegersberg-Schiebroek, Hoek van Holland, Hoogvliet, IJsselmonde, Kralingen-Crooswijk, Noord, Overschie, Prins Alexander (the most populous submunicipality with around 85,000 inhabitants), and Rozenburg. One other area, Pernis, does have an official submunicipality status since 3 March 2010.
The current size of the municipality of Rotterdam is the result of the amalgamation of the following former municipalities,[12] some of which now are a submunicipality:
- Delfshaven (added on 30 January 1886)
- Charlois (added on 28 February 1895)
- Kralingen (added on 28 February 1895)
- Hoogvliet (added on 1 May 1934)
- Pernis (added on 1 May 1934)
- Hillegersberg (added on 1 August 1941)
- IJsselmonde (added on 1 August 1941)
- Overschie (added on 1 August 1941)
- Schiebroek (added on 1 August 1941)
- Rozenburg (added on 18 March 2010)
Ethnic make-up
Figures are from 2011:- Total: 610,386
- Dutch: 319,265 (52.3%)
- Surinamese: 51,885 (8.7%)
- Turkish: 45,699 (7.8%)
- Moroccan: 37,476 (6.5%)
- Antillean / Aruban: 19,562 (3.6%)
- Cape Verdean: 14.971 (3.4%)
- Former Yugoslavs: 13,137 (3.1%)
- Serbs: 7.000
- Croats: 4.000
- Bosniaks: 2.000
- European immigrants: 67,371 (11.0%)
- Other: 61,504 (10.1%)
Economy
The Erasmus University has a strong focus on research and education in management and economics. The University is located on the east side of the city and is surrounded by numerous multinational firms. On Brainpark I, Brainpark II, Brainpark III and Het Rivium are located offices of major multinationals. In the center of the city are the above-mentioned Unilever offices, but also Robeco, Fortis (including Mees Pierson and Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen), ABN AMRO, ING (Nationale Nederlanden), the Rotterdam WTC, and the before mentioned Maersk Line who incorporates the Dutch merchant marine legacy.
The City of Rotterdam makes use of the services of semi-government companies Roteb (to take care of sanitation, waste management and assorted services) and the Port of Rotterdam Authority (to maintain the Port of Rotterdam). Both these companies were once municipal bodies, now they are autonomous entities, owned by the City.
Being the largest port and one of the largest cities of the country, Rotterdam attracts many seeking jobs, especially in the cheap labour segment. The city's unemployment rate is 8.5%, twice the national average.[14]
Together with Eindhoven (Brainport) and Amsterdam (Airport), Rotterdam (Seaport) forms the foundation of the Dutch economy.[15]
Ports
Main article: Port of Rotterdam
The Waalhaven by night
Unmanned vehicles handle containers at Europe Container Terminals (ECT), the largest container terminal operator in Europe.
The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. In 2007, the Betuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed.
In 1872, the Nieuwe Waterweg ('New Waterway') opened, a ship canal constructed to keep the city and port of Rotterdam accessible to seafaring vessels as the natural Meuse-Rhine channels silted up. The canal proper measures approximately 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) from the western tips of its protruding dams to the Maeslantkering ('Maeslant Barrier'). Many maps, however, include the Scheur as part of the Nieuwe Waterweg, leading to a length of approximately 19.5 kilometres (12.1 mi).
In the first half of the twentieth century, the port's center of gravity shifted westward towards the North Sea. Covering 105 square kilometres (41 sq mi), the port of Rotterdam now stretches over a distance of 40 kilometres (25 mi). It consists of the city center's historic harbor area, including Delfshaven; the Lloydkwartier; the Maashaven/Rijnhaven/Feijenoord complex; the harbors around Nieuw-Mathenesse; Waalhaven; Vondelingenplaat; Eemhaven; Botlek; Europoort, situated along the Calandkanaal, Nieuwe Waterweg and Scheur (the latter two being continuations of the Nieuwe Maas); and the reclaimed Maasvlakte area, which projects into the North Sea.
The construction of a second Maasvlakte received initial political approval in 2004, but was stopped by the Raad van State (the Dutch Council of State, which advises the government and parliament on legislation and governance) in 2005, because the plans did not take enough account of environmental issues. On 10 October 2006, however, approval was acquired to start construction in 2008, aiming for the first ship to anchor in 2013.
Shopping
Well-known streets in Rotterdam are the shopping center the Lijnbaan (the first set of pedestrian streets of the country, opened in 1953), the Hoogstraat, the Coolsingel with the city hall, and the Weena, which runs from the Central Station to the Hofplein (square). A modern shopping venue is the Beurstraverse ("Stock Exchange Traverse"), better known by its informal name 'Koopgoot' ('Buying/Shopping Gutter', after its subterranean position), which crosses the Coolsingel below street level).The main shopping venue in the south of Rotterdam is Zuidplein, which lies close to Ahoy' Rotterdam, an accommodation center for shows, exhibitions, sporting events, concerts and congresses. Another prominent shopping center, called Alexandrium (sometimes still called by its former name Oosterhof), lies in the east of Rotterdam. It includes a large kitchen and furniture center.
Education
The Willem de Kooning Academy Rotterdam's main art school, which is part of the Hogeschool Rotterdam. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious art schools in the Netherlands and the number 1 in Advertising and Copywriting. Part of the Willem de Kooning Academy is the Piet Zwart Institute for postgraduate studies and research in Fine Art, Media Design and Retail Design. The Piet Zwart Institute boasts a selective roster of emerging international artists.
The Hoboken campus of EUR houses the Dijkzigt (general) hospital, the Sophia Hospital (for children) and the Medical Department of the University. These are known collectively as the Erasmus Medical Center, which is ranked third worldwide for medical research,[citation needed] behind the Harvard University and Johns Hopkins University. The Erasmus Medical Center ranks as the top European institution in clinical medicine[18] according to the Times Higher Education rankings. As a combined medical treatment and research center it is particularly noted for its patient cohort studies in which large numbers of patients are followed for long periods of time.[citation needed]
There are also three Hogescholen (Universities of applied sciences) in Rotterdam. These schools award their students a professional Bachelor's degree and postgraduate or Master's degree. The three Hogescholen are Hogeschool Rotterdam, Hogeschool INHOLLAND and Hogeschool voor Muziek en Dans (uni for music and dance) which is also known as CodArts.
As there are many international and American schools scattered across Europe such as ASH (American International School of the Hague) Rotterdam also has its own international/American school by the name AISR (American International School of Rotterdam). At AISR children receive a multicultural education in a culturally diverse community and it offers the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program.
Unique to the city is the Shipping & Transport College which offers masters, bachelors and vocational diplomas on all levels.
Culture
Rotterdam is currently going through a sort of renaissance, with some urban architecture projects, a nightlife, and many summer festivals celebrating the city's multicultural population and identity, such as the Caribbean-inspired "Summer Carnival", the Dance Parade, Rotterdam 666, the Metropolis pop festival and the World Port days. In the years 2005-2011 the city struggled with venues for popmusic. Many of the venues suffered severe financial problems. This resulted in the disappearance of the major music venues Nighttown and WATT and smaller stages such as Waterfront, Exit, and Heidegger. Currently the city has a few venues for pop music like Rotown, Poortgebouw. The venue WORM focuses on experimental music and related cutting edge subcultural music. There are also the International Film Festival in January, the Poetry International Festival in June, the North Sea Jazz Festival in July, the Valery Gergiev Festival in September, September in Rotterdam and the World of the Witte de With. In June 1970, The Holland Pop Festival (which featured Jefferson Airplane, The Byrds, Canned Heat, It's a Beautiful Day, and Santana) was held and filmed at the Stamping Grounds in Rotterdam.
The self-image of the city is that of a no-nonsense workers' city. In that sense, there is a healthy competition with Amsterdam, which is often viewed as the cultural capital of the Netherlands. There is a saying: "Amsterdam to party, Den Haag (The Hague) to live, Rotterdam to work". Another one, more popular by Rotterdammers, is "Money is earned in Rotterdam, distributed in The Hague and spent in Amsterdam". Another saying that reflects both the rivalry between Rotterdam and Amsterdam is "Amsterdam has it, Rotterdam doesn't need it".
Rotterdam has had a rich hiphop music scene since the early 1980s. It is also the home of Gabber, a type of hardcore electronic music popular in the mid-1990s, with hard beats and samples. Groups like Neophyte and Rotterdam Terror Corps (RTC) started in Rotterdam.
The main cultural organisations in Amsterdam, such as the Concertgebouw and Holland Festival, have joint forces with similar organisations in Rotterdam, via A'R'dam. In 2007 these organisations published with plans for co-operation.[19] One of the goals is to strengthen the international position of culture and art in the Netherlands in the international context.
Museums
Rotterdam has many museums. Well known museums are the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, the Netherlands Architecture Institute, the Wereldmuseum, the Kunsthal, Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art[20] and the Maritime Museum Rotterdam.[21] The Historisch Museum [1](Historical museum) has two buildings: the Dubbelde Palmboom and the Schielandshuis.Other museums include the tax museum and the nature historical museum. At the historical shipyard and museum Scheepswerf 'De Delft' the reconstruction of ship of the line Delft can be visited.[22]
Architecture and skyline
See also: List of tallest buildings in Rotterdam
Rotterdam is also famous for its Kubuswoningen or cube houses built by architect Piet Blom in 1984. In addition to that there are many international well known architects based in Rotterdam like O.M.A (Rem Koolhaas), MVRDV, Neutelings & Riedijk and Erick van Egeraat to name a few.
Rotterdam houses several of the tallest structures in the Netherlands.
- The Erasmusbrug (1996) is a 790-meter (2,600 ft) cable stayed bridge linking the north and south of Rotterdam. It is held up by a 138 metres (453 ft) tall pylon with a characteristic bend, earning the bridge its nickname 'De Zwaan' ('the Swan').
- Rotterdam has the tallest residential building in the Netherlands: the New Orleans Tower (158.35 metres (519.5 ft)).
- Rotterdam is also home to the tallest office building 'Maastoren' (164.75 m or 540.5 ft) which houses Deloitte. This office tower surpassed the 'Delftse Poort' (160 m or 520 ft) which houses Nationale-Nederlanden insurance company, part of ING Group as tallest office tower in 2009.[23][24][25]
- The city also houses the 186 metres (610 ft) tall Euromast, which has long been a major tourist attraction. It was built in 1960, initially reaching a height of 101 metres (331 ft); in 1970, the Euromast was extended by 85 metres (279 ft) to its current height.
Rotterdam is standing in the best European SkylineTop together with Frankfurt, London, Madrid, Paris, Warsaw and Moscow. Over 30 new highrise projects are being developed at the moment.
Two architectural landmarks are located in the Lloydkwartier: the STC college building and the Schiecentrale 4b.
Sports
Rotterdam calls itself Sportstad (City of Sports). The city annually organises several world renowned sporting events. Some examples are the Rotterdam Marathon, the World Port Tournament, and the Rotterdam World Tennis Tournament. Rotterdam also organises one race of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship and the car racing event Monaco aan de Maas (Monaco at the Meuse).The city is also the home of many sports clubs and some historic and iconic athletes.
Football
Feyenoord, founded in 1908 and the dominant of the three professional clubs, has won fourteen national titles since the introduction of professional football in the Netherlands. It won the European Cup (current Champions league) as the first Dutch club in 1970, and won the World Cup for club teams in the same year. In 1974, they were the first Dutch club to win the UEFA Cup and in 2002, Feyenoord won the UEFA Cup again. In 2008, the year of their 100-year-anniversary, Feyenoord won the KNVB-cup.
Seating 51,480, its 1931 stadium, called Stadion Feyenoord but popularly known as De Kuip ('the Tub'), is the second largest in the country, after the Amsterdam ArenA. De Kuip, located in the southeast of the city, has hosted many international football games, including the final of Euro 2000 and has been awarded a FIFA 5 star ranking. There are concrete plans to build a new stadium with a capacity of at least 80,000 seats.
Sparta, founded in 1888 and situated in the northwest of Rotterdam, won the national title six times; Excelsior (founded 1902), in the northeast, has never won any.
Rotterdam also has three fourth tier clubs, SC Feijenoord (Feyenoord Amateurs), PVV DOTO and TOGR. Rotterdam is and has been the home to many great football players and coaches, among whom:
- Bert van Marwijk
- Coen Moulijn
- Dirk Kuyt
- Ernst Happel
- Faas Wilkes
- Giovanni van Bronckhorst
- Henrik Larsson
- Johan Cruyff
- John de Wolf
- Jon Dahl Tomasson
- Leo Beenhakker
- Ove Kindvall
- Pierre van Hooijdonk
- Pim Doesburg
- Puck van Heel
- Rinus Israël
- Robin van Persie
- Ronald Koeman
- Roy Makaay
- Ruud Gullit
- Sonny Silooy
- Willem van Hanegem
- Wim Jansen
- Winston Bogarde
- Włodzimierz Smolarek
Marathon
Runners during the marathon in Rotterdam
In 1998, the world record for women was set by Tegla Loroupe, in a time of 2:20.47. Loroupe won the Rotterdam Marathon three consecutive times, from 1997 to 1999.
The current track record for men is held by Duncan Kibet, who ran a time of 2:04.27 in 2009. The female record was set in 2012, when Tiki Gelana finished the race in 2:18.58. Gelana went on to become the 2012 Olympic champion in London, a few months later.
The marathon starts and ends on the Coolsingel in the heart of Rotterdam. It attracts a total of 900.000 visitors.
Tennis
Since 1972, Rotterdam hosts the indoor hard court ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, part of the ATP Tour. The event was first organised in 1972, when it was won by Arthur Ashe. Ashe went on to win the tournament two more times, making him the singles title record holder.
Former Wimbledon winner Richard Krajicek became the tournament director after his retirement in 2000. The latest edition of the tournament attracted a total of 116.354 visitors.[26]
Many great tennis players participated in the tournament, among whom:
Tour De France 2010
In November 2008 Rotterdam was chosen as the host of the Grand Départ of the 2010 Tour de France. Rotterdam won the selection over the Dutch city of Utrecht. Germany's Düsseldorf had previously also expressed interest in hosting. The Amaury Sport Organization (ASO), organizer of the Tour de France, said in a statement on its web site that it chose Rotterdam because, in addition to it being another big city, like London, to showcase the use of bikes for urban transportation, it provided a location well positioned considering the rest of the route envisioned for the 2010 event.The start in Rotterdam was the fifth in the Netherlands. The prologue was a 7 km (4.35 mi) individual time trial crossing the centre of the city. The first regular stage left the Erasmusbrug and went south, towards Brussels.
Rowing
Members of the student rowing club Skadi were part of the 'Holland Acht', winning a gold medal at the Olympics in 1996.[citation needed]Field Hockey
In field hockey, Rotterdam has the largest hockey club in the Netherlands, HC Rotterdam, with its own stadium in the north of the city and nearly 2,400 members. The first men's and women's teams both play on the highest level in the Dutch Hoofdklasse.Baseball
Rotterdam is home to the most successful European baseball team, Neptunus Rotterdam, winning the most European Cups.Boxing
Rotterdam has a long boxing tradition starting with Bep van Klaveren (1907–1992), aka 'The Dutch Windmill', Gold medal winner of the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics, followed by professional boxers like Regilio Tuur and Don Diego Poeder.
Swimming
Rotterdam's swimming tradition started with Marie Braun aka Zus (sister) Braun, who was coached to a Gold medal at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics by her mother Ma Braun, and 3 European titles 3 years later in Paris. In her career as 14 time national champ, she broke 6 world records. Ma Braun later also coached the Rotterdam born, three-times Olympic champion Rie Mastenbroek during the Berlin Olympics in 1936. In later years Inge de Bruijn became a Rotterdam sport icon as triple Olympic Gold medal winner in 2000 and triple European Gold medal winner in 2001.Motor cycle racing
Motor cycle speedway was staged in the Feyenoord Stadium after the second world war. The team which raced in a Dutch league was known as the Feyenoord Tigers. The team included Dutch riders and some English and Australian riders.Sportsmen of the year election
Since 1986, the city has selected its best sportsman, woman and team at the Rotterdam Sports Awards Election, held in December.Other famous Rotterdam athletes
- Mia Audina, a retired Indonesia born badminton player, living in Rotterdam.
- Francisco Elson, a Rotterdam born basketball player who played in the NBA, won the NBA finals in 2007 with the San Antonio Spurs.
- Nelli Cooman, a Surinam born retired athlete who held the 60 meter dash world record, and was the world and European champion in that event.
- Robert Doornbos, a Rotterdam born race car driver, who competed in the Formula One.
- Robert Eenhoorn, a Rotterdam born retired MLB short stop, who competed for the New York Yankees, the Anaheim Angels and the New York Mets.
- Guillaume Elmont, a Rotterdam born judoka, who became world champion in 2005 in the 73 to 81 kg (161 to 179 lb) division.
- Dex Elmont, a Rotterdam born judoka, who finished second in the European championships in 2009 in the 65 to 73 kg (143 to 161 lb) division.
- Francis Hoenselaar, a Rotterdam born female darts player, generally recognised as the best Dutch female darts player ever.
- Robert Lathouwers, an athlete born in a Rotterdam suburb, specialised in the 800 meters. Lathouwers gained international notoriety when he got disqualified after shoving Irish athlete David McCarthy in the 2010 European Championships.
- Fatima Moreira de Melo, a Rotterdam born, three-times olympic champion in field hockey. Moreira de Melo currently is a professional poker player.
- Piet Roozenburg, a Rotterdam born draughts player, who was the world champion from 1948 to 1956 and the 8-time Dutch champion.
- Betty Stöve, a Rotterdam born retired female tennis double specialist and 10-time Grand Slam winner.
- Ingmar Vos, a Rotterdam born decathlete, with a personal best of 8224 points.
- Ignisious Gaisah, a Ghanaian born long jumper with a personal best of 8.43 metres, residing in Rotterdam since 2001. Gaisah is a multiple medal winner in several international events, both as a citizen of Ghana and the Netherlands.
Yearly events
Rotterdam hosts several annual events unique to the city. It hosts the Zomercarnaval (Summercarnaval), the second largest Caribbean carnival in Europe, originally called the Antillean carnival. Other events include: North Sea Jazz Festival, the largest Jazz festival in Europe, Bavaria City Race, a Formula 1 race inside the city center and a 3 day long maritime extravaganza called the World Port Days celebrating the Port of Rotterdam.- January: "Zesdaagse van Rotterdam" "(six-day track-cycling race) - Ahoy Rotterdam
- January: International Film Festival Rotterdam[27]
- February: Rotterdam Open ABM AMRO ATP 500 Tennis Tournament - Ahoy Rotterdam
- April–June
- July
- North Sea Jazz Festival (second weekend of July)
- Summer Carnival[30]
- August:
- Bavaria City Race
- Pleinbioscoop[31]
- September:
Transport
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This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. (June 2014) |
Motorways
There are several motorways which run to/from Rotterdam. The following four are part of its 'Ring' (ring road):
- A20 (Ring North): Hoek van Holland – Rotterdam – Gouda
- A16 (Ring East): Rotterdam – Breda (- Antwerp – Paris)
- A15 (Ring South): Europoort – Rotterdam – Nijmegen
- A4 (Ring West).
- A13, (Amsterdam -) The Hague – Rotterdam
- A29, Bergen op Zoom – Rotterdam
Much smaller than the international hub Schiphol Airport, Rotterdam The Hague Airport (formerly known as Zestienhoven) is the third largest airport in the country, behind Schiphol Airport and Eindhoven Airport. Located north of the city, it has shown a very strong growth over the past five years, mostly caused by the growth of the low-cost carrier market. For business travelers Rotterdam The Hague Airport offers advantages due to rapid handling of passengers and baggage. Environmental regulations make further growth uncertain.
Train
Rotterdam's new Central Station reopened in March 2014, designed to handle up to 320,000 passengers daily.
- South direction Dordrecht, Breda, Eindhoven, Flushing (Vlissingen) (also international trains to Belgium/France)
- West direction Hoek van Holland
- North-West direction The Hague, Leiden, Amsterdam
- North direction (high-speed rail) Schiphol, Amsterdam
- North-East direction Utrecht and further
- A fifth alternative train system to the Hague, the Hofplein Line was converted to the light rail system Randstadrail in 2006.
- The city is often publicised as the terminus of the Eurasian Land Bridge.
- Rotterdam Centraal – Rotterdam's main station
- Rotterdam Alexander – Eastern part of Rotterdam
- Rotterdam Blaak – Close to the centre of Rotterdam
- Rotterdam Lombardijen – Most Southern part of Rotterdam
- Rotterdam Noord – Northern part of Rotterdam
- Rotterdam Zuid – Northern part of the Southern part of Rotterdam
- Rotterdam Stadion – A station near the De Kuip stadium, open in connection with football matches and music concerts
- Direct international services to Belgium and France via high speed train system: Thalys
- Frequent international trains to Antwerp and Brussels, Belgium
- Frequent services within the Netherlands:
- Intercity line to The Hague, Leiden, Schiphol airport and Amsterdam (north)
- Intercity line to Utrecht and on to Deventer or Enschede (the east), Leeuwarden (north-west) or Groningen (north-east)
- Intercity line to Dordrecht, Roosendaal and on to Vlissingen (south west)
- Intercity line to Dordrecht, Breda, Tilburg, Eindhoven and Venlo (south east)
- Night services every hour connecting every day of the week to Delft, The Hague, Leiden, Schiphol airport, Amsterdam, and, with a detour, Utrecht. On Thursday, Friday and Saturday night services (either direct or via a detour) to Den Bosch, Eindhoven, Tilburg, Roosendaal.
- Several semi-fast services and local trains originate or call at Rotterdam Centraal; semi-fast services Amsterdam-Breda.
- Detailed information available from the site of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways)[33]
- NS (Dutch Railways) ; Train services
- RET (Rotterdam Elektrische Tram); Tram, city-bus, metro, randstadrail and ferry-services in Rotterdam and surrounding cities.
- Arriva Netherlands ; Province bus services.
- Connexxion ; Province bus services.
- Veolia ; Province bus services.
Main article: Rotterdam Metro
See also: List of Rotterdam metro stations
In 1968 Rotterdam was the first Dutch city to open a metro
system. Currently the metro system consists of three main lines, each
of which has its own variants. The system has 78.3 km (48.7 mi) of
railtracks and there are 62 stations. The system is operated by 5 lines;
3 lines (A, B and C) on the east-west line, and two (D and E) on the
north-south line.
Map of Rotterdam Metro
| Line | Southern / western terminus | Northern / eastern terminus |
|---|---|---|
| Line A | Schiedam Centrum | Binnenhof |
| Line B | Schiedam Centrum | Nesselande |
| Line C | De Akkers | De Terp |
| Line D | De Akkers | Rotterdam Centraal |
| Line E | Slinge | Den Haag Centraal |
Rotterdam metro
Main article: Trams in Rotterdam
The Rotterdam tramway network
offers 9 regular tram lines and 4 "special" tram lines with a total
length of 93.4 km (58.0 mi). Service Tramlines in Rotterdam as of 2013:- 2: (Rotterdam) Charlois – Rotterdam Lombardijen NS – (Rotterdam) Groene Tuin (Drives only at the Southern part of the city)
- 4: (Rotterdam) Molenlaan - Rotterdam CS - (Rotterdam) Spangen
- 7: (Rotterdam) Woudestein – Rotterdam CS – (Rotterdam) Willemsplein
- 8: (Rotterdam) Spangen – Rotterdam CS – (Rotterdam) Kleiweg
- 20: Rotterdam CS – Rotterdam Lombardijen NS – (Rotterdam) Thialf
- 21: (Schiedam) Woudhoek – Station Schiedam Centrum – Rotterdam CS – (Rotterdam) De Esch
- 23: (Rotterdam) Marconiplein – Rotterdam CS – (Rotterdam) Beverwaard
- 24: (Vlaardingen) Holy - Station Schiedam Centrum - Rotterdam CS - (Rotterdam) De Esch
- 25: (Rotterdam) Schiebroek – Rotterdam CS – (Barendrecht) Carnisselande
- 10: Historical tram line, only runs in summer and throughout the whole city for tourist information. Using historical Rotterdam Trams from the year 1928.
- 18: Tramline from Rotterdam Central Station towards Park, runs only at the Dunya Festival and during the Rotterdam World Port Days.
- 12: CS – De Kuip (English: The Tub, Feyenoord stadium) or CS – Het Kasteel (English:The Castle, Sparta Stadium). Football- tramline, only for big fixtures at De Kuip or Het Kasteel.
- Snert-tram: Historical tram, only in winter as a tourist tram through Rotterdam. Passengers are provided with a cup of "snert"; Rotterdam dialect for erwtensoep (English: Pea-soup). Rolling stock is a historical Rotterdam tram from 1968.
- IJsjes-tram: Summer version of the snert tram, providing tourists with ijsjes rather than snert (English: ice cream).
Water Taxi in Rotterdam
Rotterdam offers 33 city bus lines with a total length of 432.7 km (268.9 mi).
RET runs buses in the city of Rotterdam and surrounding places like Spijkenisse, Barendrecht, Ridderkerk, Rhoon, Poortugaal, Schiedam, Vlaardingen, Delft and Cappele a/d. IJssel. Buslines:
- 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48,50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 96, 97, 98, 126, 137, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 170, 171, 173, 174, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 204 and 290.
Water bus
Every half hour a water bus (Waterbus route 1) goes from Rotterdam to Dordrecht and vice versa. The trip takes an hour, inclusive stops along the way. The ferry can carry about 130 passengers and there is space for 60 bicycles. The stops are:
- Rotterdam Willemskade – Krimpen aan den IJssel Stormpolder – Ridderkerk De Schans – Alblasserdam Kade – Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht Veerweg – Papendrecht Westeind – Dordrecht Merwekade.
International relations
Rotterdam has city and port connections throughout the world. In 2008, the city had 13 sister cities, 12 partner cities, and 4 sister ports.[34]Sister cities
Baltimore (since 1985)[34][35]
Burgas (since 1976)[34][35]
Constanța (since 1976)[34][35]
Dresden (since 1988)[34][35]
Esch-sur-Alzette (since 1958)[34][35]
Gdańsk (since 1977)[34][35]
Havana (since 1983)[34][35]
Lille (since 1958)[34][35]
Liège (since 1958)[34][35]
Shanghai (since 1979)[34][35]
Saint Petersburg (since 1984)[34][35]
Turin (since 1958)[34][35]
Partner cities
Basel (since 1945)[34]
Bratislava (since 1991)[34]
Budapest (since 1991)[34]
Durban (since 1991)[34]
Hull (since 1936)[34]
Jakarta (since 1983)[34]
Osaka Prefecture (since 1984)[34]
Oslo (since 1945)[34]
Prague (since 1991)[34]
Sister ports
In popular culture
Rotterdam features in Edgar Allan Poe's short story ‘The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall’ (1835), as well as J.T. Sheridan Le Fanu's 'Strange Event in the Life of Schalken the Painter' (1839).Part of Jackie Chan's 1998 film 'Who am I?' is set in Rotterdam.
Ender's Shadow, part of the series Ender's Game is partially set in Rotterdam.
In season 1, episode 2 of The Golden Girls ("Guess Who's Coming to the Wedding?"), Dorothy reminisces how her ex-husband, Stan, would buy her tulips after they had a fight. "Towards the end, our house looked like Easter in Rotterdam."
The British band The Beautiful South recorded a song named after this region.
Notable residents
Main article: List of people from Rotterdam
- Pierre Bayle, enlightenment philosopher.
- Leo Beenhakker, football coach.
- George Blake, former British spy and KGB double agent.
- Giovanni van Bronckhorst, former football player of Feyenoord.
- Martin van Creveld, Israeli military historian and theorist.
- Edsger Dijkstra, Computer Scientist.
- Francisco Elson, NBA player for the Utah Jazz.
- Desiderius Erasmus, philosopher and humanist.
- Pim Fortuyn, politician, assassinated in 2002.
- Piet Heyn, naval fleet officer.
- Leo Fuld, singer.
- Willem de Kooning, painter.
- Rem Koolhaas, internationally renowned architect.
- Christiaan Lindemans, double agent.
- Suzanna Lubrano, artist.
- Fatima Moreira de Melo, field hockey player.
- Coen Moulijn, football player of Feyenoord.
- Johan van Oldebarnevelt, statesman of the Dutch Revolt.
- Robin van Persie, Manchester United F.C. forward and Dutch international footballer.
- Bernard Mandeville, philosopher, political economist and satirist.
- Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, painter.
- Sacco van der Made, Dutch actor. best known as the Dutch voice of Scrooge McDuck.
- Iekeliene Stange, fashion model.
- Marten Toonder, comic writer.
- Abraham Icek Tuschinski, businessman and movie theatre owner.
- Ferry Corsten, Dj, producer, remixer electronic dance music.
- DJ Sun, Music producer, dj, radio host.
- Wim Mager, director of the Apenheul Primate Park.
- The Three Jacksons, Accordeontrio.
*******************************************************************
Rotterdam
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
| Rotterdam | |||
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| Biệt danh: Rotjeknor | |||
| Khẩu hiệu: Sterker door strijd (Stronger through Struggle) | |||
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| Tọa độ: 51°55′51″B 4°28′45″Đ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Quốc gia | Hà Lan | ||
| Tỉnh | Nam Hà Lan | ||
| Chính quyền | |||
| - Thị trưởng | Ahmed Aboutaleb | ||
| - Hội đồng thành phố | Jeannette Baljeu Lucas Bolsius Leonard Geluk Rik Grashoff Mark Harbers Hamit Karakus Jantine Kriens Dominic Schrijer |
||
| Diện tích [1] | |||
| - Tổng cộng | 319 km² (123,2 mi²) | ||
| - Đất liền | 206 km² (79,5 mi²) | ||
| - Mặt nước | 113 km² (43,6 mi²) | ||
| Dân số (1 tháng 1 năm 2006)[1][2] | |||
| - Tổng cộng | 588.718 | ||
| - Mật độ | 2.851/km² (7.384,1/mi²) | ||
| - Randstad | 6659300 | ||
| Múi giờ | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Mùa hè (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Mã bưu chính | 3000-3089 | ||
| Mã điện thoại | 010 | ||
| Thành phố kết nghĩa | Q16010[?], Lille, Torino, Liège, Burgas, Constanţa, Gdańsk, Thượng Hải, La Habana, Sankt-Peterburg, Baltimore, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Dresden, Istanbul, Surabaya, Szeged, Kuching, Liverpool, Bratislava, Köln | ||
| Website: www.rotterdam.nl | |||
Rotterdam, thành phố ở Tây Nam Hà Lan, thành phố lớn nhất ở tỉnh Nam Hà Lan (Zuid-Holland), cảng lớn thứ hai thế giới, là một thành phố cảng gần Sông Maas, gần thành phố Den Haag.
Được tuyên bố thành lập năm 1328, Rotterdam ngày nay là một trong những
hải cảng lớn của thế giới. Rotterdam là trung tâm ngoại thương chính
của Hà Lan cũng như quận Ruhr công nghiệp hoá cao độ của Đức, thành phố Rotterdam được trực tiếp nối với Sông Rhine
có tầm quan trọng thương mại. Cảng Rotterdam lớn nhất châu Âu và lớn
thứ nhất thế giới từ năm 1962 nhưng năm 2004 đã bị cảng tại Thượng Hải đoạt lấy danh hiệu này. Một con kênh nước sâu với tên gọi Đường thủy mới được mở ra năm 1872, được tạo ra từ (1866-1890) cho phép tàu biển tải trọng lớn đi vào từ Biển Bắc.
Con kênh này và sự mở mang thương mại đã tạo ra sự bùng nổ về phát
triển kinh tế của thành phố cuối thế kỷ 19. Europoort, một khu bến cảng
lớn tại phía Tây của con kênh đã được xây thập niên 1960
chủ yếu dành cho việc bốc dỡ và chứa dầu từ những tàu chở dầu lớn. Các
cơ sở kinh tế khách như các nhà máy lọc dầu, các nhà máy đóng tàu, các
nhà máy sản xuất hoá chất, kim loại, đường ăn tinh chế nằm ở bờ Nam của
Sông Maas tại Rotterdam. Các mặt hành xuất khẩu bao gồm than đá, máy móc, sản phẩm sữa. Các mặt hành nhập khẩu chính có dầu mỏ, quặng và ngũ cốc. Phần lớn thành phố và cảng cũ Rotterdam đã bị phá huỷ bởi bom oanh tạc trong Đệ nhị thế chiến
(1939-1945), và thành phố hiện đại, có quy hoạch đã được xây dựng từ
khi kết thúc chiến tranh. Khu vực trung tâm dân cư và thương mại chính
của Rotterdam toạ lạc bên bờ Bắc của Sông Maas. Phía Tây của Coolsingel,
đường phố lớn chính là một khu phố mua sắm rộng rãi với tên gọi
Lijnbaan, chỉ mở cửa cho người đi bộ. Thành phố có Bảo tàng Boymans-van Beuningen (1847) nổi tiếng và Đại học Erasmus Rotterdam (1973), Vườn Động vật Blijdorp. Dân số năm 2003 là 599.651 người.
Tham khảo
- ^ a ă “Kerncijfers Rotterdam 2006”. www.rotterdam.nl. City of Rotterdam. Tháng 5 năm 2006. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 4 năm 2007.
- ^ “Randstadmonitor 2006”. www.regio-randstad.nl. Regio Randstad. Tháng 1 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 4 năm 2007.
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