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Málaga
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Málaga (
Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmalaɣa]) is a city and a
municipality, capital of the
Province of Málaga, in the
Autonomous Community of
Andalusia,
Spain. With a population of 568,507 in 2010, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the
sixth largest in Spain. The southernmost large city in Europe, it lies on the
Costa del Sol (
Coast of the Sun) of the Mediterranean, about 100 km (62.14
mi) east of the
Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km (80.78
mi) north of Africa.
Málaga enjoys a
subtropical–
mediterranean climate. It has one of the warmest winters in Europe, with average temperatures of
17 °C (62.6 °F)
during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night in the period from
December through February. The summer season lasts about eight months,
from April through November, although in the remaining four months
temperatures sometimes reach around
20 °C (68.0 °F).
Málaga's history spans about 2,800 years, making it one of the
oldest cities in the world. It was founded by the
Phoenicians as
Malaka about 770 BC, and from the 6th century BC was under the
hegemony of
Ancient Carthage. Then from 218 BC it was ruled by the
Roman Republic and later the
Roman Empire as
Malaca (
Latin). After the fall of the empire it was under Islamic domination as
Mālaqah (
مالقة) for 800 years, but in 1487 it again came under Christian rule in the
Reconquista.
The archaeological remains and monuments from the Phoenician, Roman,
Arabic and Christian eras make the historic center of the city an "open
museum", displaying its rich history of more than 3,000 years.
This important cultural infrastructure and the rich artistic heritage
have culminated in the nomination of Málaga as a candidate for the 2016
European Capital of Culture.
The internationally acclaimed painter and sculptor
Pablo Picasso and actor
Antonio Banderas were born in Málaga. The magnum opus of Cuban composer Ernesto Lecuona, "
Malagueña", is named for the music of this region of Spain.
The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism,
construction and technology services, but other sectors such as
transportation and
logistics are beginning to expand. The
Andalusia Technology Park (PTA),
located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its
inauguration in 1992. Málaga is the main economic and financial centre
of southern Spain, home of the
region's largest bank,
Unicaja, and the fourth-ranking city in economic activity in
Spain behind
Madrid,
Barcelona and
Valencia.
[2]
History
The
Phoenicians from
Tyre founded the city as
Malaka about 770 BC. The name
Malaka or
mlk is probably derived from the
Phoenician word for "salt" because
fish was salted near the harbour. (Cf. "
salt" in other
Semitic languages, e.g.
Hebrew מלח
mélaḥ or
Arabic ملح
malaḥ).
After a period of
Carthaginian rule, Malaka became part of the
Roman Empire.
In its Roman stage, the city (Latin name, Malaca) showed a remarkable
degree of development. Transformed into a confederated city, it was
under a special law, the
Lex Flavia Malacitana. A Roman theatre was built at this time.
[3] After the fall of the
Western Roman Empire, it was ruled first by the
Visigoths and then by the
Byzantine Empire (550–621).
In the 8th century, during the
Muslim Arabic rule over Spain, the city became an important trade center. Málaga was first a possession of the
Caliphate of Córdoba. After the fall of the
Umayyad dynasty, it became the capital of a distinct kingdom ruled by the
Zirids. During this time, the city was called
Mālaqah (
Arabic مالقة). From 1025 it was the capital of the autonomous
Taifa of Málaga, until its conquest by the
Taifa of Granada in 1057.
The traveller
Ibn Battuta,
who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of the largest
and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of
both sea and land, and is abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and
fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured
Murcian
pomegranates
have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its
"excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large and beautiful,
with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard.
[4]
Málaga was one of the
Iberian cities where Muslim rule persisted the longest, having been part of the
Emirate of Granada. While most other parts of the peninsula had already succumbed to the
reconquista, the medieval Christian Spanish struggled to drive the Muslims out. Málaga was conquered by Christian forces on 18 August 1487,
[5]
The Muslim inhabitants resisted assaults and artillery bombardments
before hunger forced them to surrender, virtually the entire population
was sold into slavery or given as "gifts" to other Christian rulers,
[6] five years before the fall of
Granada.
On 24 August 1704 the indecisive
Battle of Malaga, the largest naval battle in the
War of the Spanish Succession, took place in the sea south of Málaga.
Málaga had a period of rapid development in the 19th century,
becoming with Barcelona one of the two most industrialised cities of
Spain. But that early industry was gradually dismantled, because the
successive national governments were supporting the industrial centers
in the north of the country.
[citation needed]
After the
coup of July 1936 the government of the
Second Spanish Republic retained control of Málaga. Its harbour was a base of the
Spanish Republican Navy at the beginning of the
Spanish Civil War. It suffered heavy bombing by Italian warships which took part in breaking the Republican navy's
blockade of Nationalist-held
Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Malaga.
[7] After the
Battle of Málaga and the
Francoist takeover in February 1937, over seven thousand people were killed.
[8] The city also suffered shelling later by Spanish Republican naval units. The well-known British journalist and writer
Arthur Koestler was captured by the Nationalist forces on their entry into Málaga, which formed the material for his book
Spanish Testament. The first chapters of
Spanish Testament include an eye-witness account of the 1937 fall of Málaga to
Francisco Franco's armies during the
Spanish Civil War.
After the war, Málaga and Koestler's old haunts of
Torremolinos and the rest of the
Costa del Sol enjoyed the highest growth of the tourism sector in Spain.
Geography
Location
Málaga is located in southern Spain, on the
Costa del Sol (
Coast of the Sun) on the northern side of the Mediterranean Sea. It lies at the feet of the
Montes de Málaga, about 100 km east of the
Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km east of
Tarifa (the southernmost point of continental Europe) and about 130 km on north of Africa. Lies on a similar
latitude (36°N) as
Algiers in
Algeria,
Tunis in
Tunisia,
Aleppo in
Syria,
Mosul in
Iraq,
Tehran in
Iran,
Kunduz in
Afghanistan and
Fresno, California in the United States.
Metropolitan area
Málaga, together with the following adjacent towns and municipalities:
Rincón de la Victoria,
Torremolinos,
Benalmádena,
Fuengirola,
Alhaurín de la Torre,
Mijas,
Marbella and
San Pedro Alcántara
form the urban area with a population of 1,066,532 on 827.33 km²
(density 1,289 hab / km²) – 2012 data. The urban area stretches mostly
along a narrow strip of coastline. The Málaga metropolitan area includes
additional municipalities located mostly in the mountains area north of
the coast and also some on the coast:
Cártama,
Pizarra,
Coín,
Monda,
Ojén,
Alhaurín el Grande and
Estepona on west;
Casabermeja on north;
Totalán,
Algarrobo,
Torrox and
Vélez-Málaga eastward from Málaga.
Municipalities of the metropolitan area are connected by the road
network (including motorways) with the urban area and Málaga city (the
urban area can be reached by car from the farthest reaches in 20 minutes
and Málaga city in 45 minutes). In some usages the metropolitan area
includes other municipalities to which Málaga's public transportation
network extends, at least since the establishment of the
Consorcio de Transporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga (en:
Consortium of Transportation of Málaga Metropolitan Area). Together about 1.3 million (max. 1.6 million
[9])
people live in the Málaga metropolitan area and the number grows every
year as all the municipalities and cities of the area record an annual
increase in population.
Climate
The climate is
Subtropical–
Mediterranean (
Köppen climate classification:
Csa)
[10]
with very mild winters and hot summers. Málaga enjoys plenty of
sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of
sunshine and only about 50 days with precipitation annually. Its coastal
location with winds blowing from the Mediterranean Sea make the heat
manageable during the summer.
[11]
Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a
population over 500,000 and over 100,000 jointly with two other cities
in Spain:
Almería and
Alicante. The average temperature during the day in the period December through February is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). During the winter, the
Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block out the cold weather from the north.
[11]
Generally, the summer season lasts about eight months, from April to
November, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes
reach around
20 °C (68 °F). Its average annual temperature is
23 °C (73 °F) during the day (one of the highest in Europe) and
13 °C (55 °F)
at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from 12
to 20 °C (54 to 68 °F) during the day, 4 to 13 °C (39 to 55 °F) at
night and the average sea temperature is 15–16 °C (59–61 °F). In the
warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from 26 to 35 °C (79 to
95 °F) during the day, above
20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is
23 °C (73 °F).
Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded during the day in the city centre is
43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on 13 August 1881. In the month of August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record
34.8 °C (94.6 °F). The coldest temperature ever recorded was
−0.9 °C (30.4 °F) on the night (the same as tropical
Miami)
of 19 January 1891. The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July
1980, measuring 119 km/h (73.94 mph). Málaga city has once recorded
snow in the 20th century, on 2 February 1954.
[12]
Annual average
relative humidity is 66%, ranging from 59% in June to 73% in December.
[13]
Yearly sunshine hours is between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6
hours of sunshine / day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine /
day in July.
[13][14][15]
This is one of the highest results in Europe and almost double more
that of cities in the northern half of Europe (for comparison: London –
1,461, Warsaw – 1,571, Paris – 1,630). According to the
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2007 saw 3,059 hours of sunshine.
[16]
Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Málaga
is one of the few cities in Europe which are "green" all year round.
| [hide]Climate data for Málaga |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
16.6
(61.9) |
17.7
(63.9) |
19.1
(66.4) |
21.0
(69.8) |
23.8
(74.8) |
27.3
(81.1) |
29.9
(85.8) |
30.3
(86.5) |
27.9
(82.2) |
23.7
(74.7) |
20.0
(68) |
17.4
(63.3) |
23.0
(73.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
12.0
(53.6) |
12.8
(55) |
14.1
(57.4) |
15.6
(60.1) |
18.7
(65.7) |
22.2
(72) |
24.8
(76.6) |
25.4
(77.7) |
23.1
(73.6) |
19.0
(66.2) |
15.4
(59.7) |
12.9
(55.2) |
18.0
(64.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
7.3
(45.1) |
7.9
(46.2) |
9.0
(48.2) |
10.4
(50.7) |
13.4
(56.1) |
17.1
(62.8) |
19.7
(67.5) |
20.5
(68.9) |
18.2
(64.8) |
14.3
(57.7) |
10.8
(51.4) |
8.4
(47.1) |
13.0
(55.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
81
(3.19) |
55
(2.17) |
49
(1.93) |
41
(1.61) |
25
(0.98) |
12
(0.47) |
2
(0.08) |
6
(0.24) |
16
(0.63) |
56
(2.2) |
95
(3.74) |
88
(3.46) |
526
(20.71) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) |
6 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
43 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
172 |
178 |
218 |
229 |
282 |
302 |
338 |
309 |
247 |
213 |
173 |
158 |
2,815 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN),[17] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[13] |
Main sights
The old historic centre of Málaga reaches the harbour to the south and is surrounded by mountains to the north, the
Montes de Málaga (part of
Baetic Cordillera), lying in the southern base of the Axarquía hills, and two rivers, the
Guadalmedina – the historic center is located on its left bank – and the
Guadalhorce, which flows west of the city into the Mediterranean.
The oldest architectural remains in the city are the walls of the
Phoenician city, which are visible in the cellar of the Picasso Museum.
The Roman theatre of Málaga, which dates from the 1st century BC, was fortuitously rediscovered in 1951.
The Moors left posterity the dominating presence of the
Castle of Gibralfaro, which is connected to the
Alcazaba, the lower fortress and royal residence. Both were built during the
Taifa period (11th century) and extended during the
Nasrid
period (13th and 14th centuries). The Alcazaba stands on a hill within
the city. Originally, it defended the city from the incursions of
pirates. Later, in the 11th century, it was completely rebuilt by the
Hammudid dynasty.
[18]
Occupying the eastern hillside that rises from the sea and overlooks
the city, the Alcazaba was surrounded by palms and pine trees.
La Concepción, botanical and historical garden
Like many of the military fortifications that were constructed in
Islamic Spain, the Alcazaba of Málaga featured a quadrangular plan. It
was protected by an outer and inner wall, both supported by rectangular
towers, between which a covered walkway led up the slope to the
Gibralfaro (this was the only exchange between the two sites). Due to
its rough and awkward hillside topography, corridors throughout the site
provided a means of communications for administrative and defensive
operations, also affording privacy to the palatial residential quarters.
The entrance of the complex featured a grand tower that led into a
sophisticated double bent entrance. After passing through several gates,
open yards with beautiful gardens of pine and eucalyptus trees, and the
inner wall through the Puerta de Granada, one finds the 11th and 14th
century Governor's palace. It was organised around a central rectangular
courtyard with a triple-arched gateway and some of the rooms have been
preserved to this day. An open 11th century mirador (belvedere) to the
south of this area affords views of the gardens and sea below. Measuring
2.5 square metres, this small structure highlighted scalloped,
five-lobed arches. To the north of this area were a waterwheel and a
Cyclopean well (penetrating forty metres below ground), a hammam,
workshops and the monumental
Puerta de la Torre del Homenaje, the northernmost point of the inner walls. Directly beyond was the passage to the Gibralfaro above.
The
Church of Santiago (
Saint James) is an example of Gothic vernacular
Mudéjar, the hybrid style that evolved after the
Reconquista incorporating elements from both Christian and Islamic tradition. Also from the period is the
Iglesia del Sagrario,
which was built on the site of the old mosque immediately after the
city fell to Christian troops. It boasts a richly ornamented portal in
the Isabeline-Gothic style, unique in the city.
The
Cathedral and the
Episcopal Palace
were planned with Renaissance architectural ideals but there was a
shortfall of building funds and they were finished in Baroque style.
The
Basílica y Real Santuario de Santa María de la Victoria, built in the late 17th century, has a chapel in which the vertical volume is filled with elaborate Baroque plasterwork.
Other sights include:
Museums
Demographics
The number of resident foreign nationals has risen significantly in Málaga since the 1970s, especially of
British and German expatriates who move for the pleasant climate. The majority of foreigners live near the coastline.
[19] An estimated 6 million tourists visit the city each year.
[20]
Politics and administration
Málaga is divided in 11 municipal districts.
[21]
Economy
Trade Fair and Congress in Málaga (
Palacio de Ferias y Congresos de Málaga)
Málaga is the fourth-ranking city in economic activity in
Spain behind
Madrid,
Barcelona and
Valencia.
[2]
The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism,
construction and technology services, but other sectors such as
transportation and
logistics are beginning to expand. The
Andalusia Technology Park (PTA) (In Spanish, "
Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía"), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992 by the
King of Spain. As of 2010, this high-tech, science and industrial park is home to 509 companies and employs over 14,500 people.
In line with the city's strategic plan, the campaign "Málaga: Open
for Business" is directed towards the international promotion of the
city on all levels but fundamentally on a business level. The campaign
places a special emphasis on new technologies as well as innovation and
research in order to promote the city as a reference and focal point for
many global business initiatives and projects.
[22]
Málaga is a city of commerce and tourism has been a growing source of
revenue, driven by the presence of a major airport, the improvement of
communications, and new infrastructure such as the AVE and the maritime
station, and new cultural facilities such as the Picasso Museum, the
Contemporary Art Centre and Trade Fair and Congress, which have drawn
more tourists.
[23]
The city hosts the International Association of Science and Technology Parks (IASP) (
Asociación Internacional de Parques Tecnológicos), and a group of IT company executives and business leaders has launched an information sector initiative,
Málaga Valley e-27,
which seeks to make Málaga the Silicon Valley of Europe. Málaga has had
strong growth in new technology industries, mainly located in the
Technological Park of Andalusia, and in the construction sector. The
city is home to the largest bank in Andalusia,
Unicaja, and such local companies as
Mayoral,
Charanga,
Sando,
Vera,
Ubago,
Isofoton,
Tedial,
Novasoft,
Grupo Vértice and
Almeida viajes, and other multinationals such as
Fujitsu Spain,
Pernod Ricard Spain,
Accenture,
Epcos,
Oracle Corporation,
Huawei and
San Miguel.
[24]
Distribution by sector industrial enterprises:[25]
| Industrial sector |
Companies |
| Energy and water |
24 |
| Chemical and mining |
231 |
| Mechanical engineering industry |
833 |
| Manufacturing |
1,485 |
| Total |
2,573 |
| Industrial activity index |
771 |
| Construction-related companies |
3,143 |
Culture
Annual cultural events
The
Holy Week celebration, the
August Málaga Fair (
Feria de Málaga) and the
Málaga Film Festival are the three major events held in the city.
The
Holy Week of Málaga has been observed for some five
centuries. Processions start on Palm Sunday and continue until Easter
Sunday. Images depicting scenes from the Passion are displayed on huge
ornate
tronos (floats or thrones), some weighing more than 5,000 kilos and carried by more than 250 members of the fraternity of
Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza. These
tronos
highlight the processions that go through the streets led by penitents
dressed in long purple robes, often with pointed hats, followed by women
in black carrying candles. Drums and trumpets play music and
occasionally someone spontaneously sings a mournful saeta dedicated to
the floats as they make their way slowly round the streets.
Some Holy Week
tronos are so huge that they must be housed in
places outside the churches, as they are taller than the entrance doors.
There are also military parades of soldiers playing processional band
marches or singing their anthems along the route.
During the celebration of the
Feria de Málaga in August, the
streets are transformed into traditional symbols of Spanish culture and
history, with sweet wine, tapas, and live flamenco shows. The day events
consist of dancing, live music (like
Flamenco or
Verdiales, traditional music from Málaga) and bullfights at
La Malagueta,
while the night fair is moved to the Recinto Ferial, consisting of
restaurants, clubs, and an entire fair ground with rides and games.
The
Málaga Film Festival (
Festival de Málaga Cine Español (FMCE))
is the most important festival in the world that is dedicated
exclusively to films produced in Spain. It is held annually during a
week in April.
Religion
Most of the population of Málaga professes
Roman Catholicism as its religion. Islam is represented by a growing number of immigrants and a newly-constructed mosque.
The
Evangelicals also have a presence in Málaga, and
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is growing. The
Jewish Community in Málaga is represented by its synagogue and the Jewish Association.
Sports
Málaga is home to three major professional sports teams. These include:
The city has four large sports facilities:
In city and neighbourhood, you can engage in many sports, for example:
surfing,
windsurfing,
kitesurfing,
swimming,
diving,
skydiving,
paragliding,
running,
cycling,
rowing,
tennis and
golf.
Tourism
Strachan Street in downtown
The city is an important tourist destination, known as "the capital
of the Costa del Sol". Tourists usually visit the birthplace of
Pablo Picasso and the
Museo Picasso Málaga,
the Carmen Thyssen Museum, the old town or the beaches. The Málaga
harbour is also the second busiest cruise port of the Iberian Peninsula.
A popular walk leads up the hill to the
Gibralfaro castle (a
Parador), offering panoramic views over the city. The castle is next to the
Alcazaba,
the old Muslim palace, which in turn is next to the inner city of
Málaga. Other nearby attractions are the Roman Theatre, the old Jewish
quarter, the Cathedral, and the Church of Santiago in
mudéjar style. A popular walk follows the
Paseo del Parque (a promenade that runs alongside a grand park with many palm trees and statues) to the harbour, ending in
Calle Larios,
the main commercial street of the city. There is also a curious museum,
the Museum of the Holy Week, which includes an impressive display of
Baroque ecclesiastical items.
Other events
The
Fiesta Mayor de Verdiales takes place every year on 28 December during which Spain's April Fool Day is celebrated.
[26]
Fiestas de Carnaval event takes prior to the holy 40 days of
Lent every February. People dressed in traditional costumes join the
festivities, which include Flamenco dancing, and a parade. One more
highlight of this festival is the stalls selling traditional pottery and
artifacts.
[26]
Transportation
Airport
The city is served by
Málaga Costa Del Sol Airport, one of the first in Spain and the oldest still in operation. In 2008, it handled 12,813,472 passengers,
[27] making it the
fourth busiest in Spain. It is the international airport of
Andalusia accounting for 85 percent of its international traffic. The airport, connected to the
Costa del Sol,
has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over a hundred cities
in Europe (mainly in United Kingdom, Central Europe and the Nordic
countries but also the main cities of Eastern Europe: Moscow,
Saint Petersburg,
Budapest,
Sofia,
Warsaw,
Riga or
Bucharest), North Africa, Middle East (
Riyadh,
Jeddah and
Kuwait) and North America (
New York,
Toronto and
Montreal).
The airport is connected to Málaga City and surrounding areas through
a transportation hub, which includes the bus system and suburban
trains.
[28][29] and car parks.
[citation needed]
Seaport
The
Port of Málaga
is the city's seaport, operating continuously at least since 600 BC.
The port is one of the busiest ports on the Mediterranean Sea, with a
trade volume of over 428,623
TEU's and 642,529 passenger in 2008.
[30]
High speed trains
AVE S-112 nicknamed
"Pato" ("Duck") in Málaga-Maria Zambrano Station.
High-speed train
The
Málaga-María Zambrano Railway Station is served by the
AVE high-speed rail system, and is operated by the Spanish formerly state-owned rail company
Renfe. Málaga is on the
AVE experience, a net created with Málaga next to 17 major cities of
Spain with high-speed rail.
Roads and highways
The
A45 road leads north to
Antequera and
Córdoba. The
Autovía A-7 parallels the
N-340 road, both leading to
Cadiz to the west through the
Costa del Sol Occidental and
Barcelona to the east through the
Costa del Sol Oriental.
Urban Bus
Empresa Malagueña de Transportes´
[31] buses are the main form of transport around the city. Málaga's
bus station is connected with the city by the bus line number 4, although it is only ten minutes walk to the Alameda from there.
Metropolitan Bus
Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium's (Consorcio de Tranpsporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga)
[32] buses are the main form of transport around the city of Málaga and the villages of the Metropolitan Area.
Mass transit
The city has two commuter train lines
Cercanías and a
metro system is under construction.
