Trước tòa thị sảnh của Đan Mạch
Welcome to Copenhagen
Đan Mạch đứng đầu trong danh sách những quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất thế giới năm 2013 theo bảng xếp hạng của Mạng lưới Các giải pháp phát triển bền vững Liên Hiệp Quốc (UNSDSN).
Đan Mạch đứng đầu trong danh sách những quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất thế giới năm 2013 theo bảng xếp hạng của Mạng lưới Các giải pháp phát triển bền vững Liên Hiệp Quốc (UNSDSN).
Tivoli Gardens is a famous amusement park and pleasure garden in Copenhagen, Denmark. The park opened on 15 August 1843 and is the second oldest amusement park in the world, after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampenborg. Wikipedia
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Phố xá ngày mưa
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Có ít tia nắng
Copenhagen City Hall
Mùa Xuân hoa Tử Đằng nở đẹp
Tour guide trên du thuyền
the Little Mermaid,
The Little Mermaid
The Little Mermaid statue was a present from brewer Carl Jacobsen (The Carlsberg Breweries)
to the city of Copenhagen, made by a then little known sculptor called Edvard Erichsen.
The Little Mermaid was unveiled at Langelinje in 1913, as part of a general trend in
Copenhagen in those days, selecting classical and historical figures to be used as
decorations in the city's parks and public areas.
In 1909, brewer Carl Jacobsen saw solo dancer Ellen Price dance in Fini Henriques' ballet
"The Little Mermaid" at the Royal Theatre. He was so taken with her that he asked her
if she would pose for a statue. She agreed in principle, but was not very interested in posing
without any clothes on, when she found out just how public the statue would be.
Instead sculptor Edvard Erichsen's wife stepped in and modeled for the body. On September 14, 1912,
the Little Mermaid statue was first placed at a test location, and on August 23, 1913,
at its current and permanent site. The statue's birthday is celebrated
in various ways every year on August 23. Throughout the year, 75% of all tourists visiting Copenhagen
go to see The Little Mermaid.
Nguồn ( http://www.copenhagenpictures.dk/mermaid.html)
Tàu của Hoàng Gia đang đậu ở bến
****************************************************************************
Copenhagen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Denmark. For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation).
| Copenhagen København |
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 From upper left: Christiansborg Palace, Frederik's Church, Tivoli Gardens and Nyhavn. |
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| Coordinates: 55°40′34″N 12°34′06″ECoordinates: 55°40′34″N 12°34′06″E | ||
| Country | Denmark | |
| Region | Capital (Hovedstaden) | |
| First mention | 11th century | |
| City Status | 13th century | |
| Government | ||
| • Lord Mayor | Frank Jensen (S) | |
| Area[1] | ||
| • City | 86.20 km2 (33.28 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 2.778,3 km2 (1.0727 sq mi) | |
| Highest elevation | 91 m (299 ft) | |
| Lowest elevation | 1 m (3 ft) | |
| Population (2014)[3] | ||
| • City | 569,557 | |
| • Density | 6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,246,611 (details) | |
| • Metro | 1,975,361 (details) | |
| • Metro density | 702/km2 (1,820/sq mi) | |
| • Ethnicity | 77.3% Danish 22.7% Other[2] |
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| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | |
| Postal code | 1050-1778, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2450 | |
| Area code(s) | (+45) 3 | |
| Website | www.kk.dk | |
listen)) is the capital and most populated city of Denmark, and second largest in Scandinavia, with an urban population of 1,246,611 and a metropolitan population of 1,975,361 (as of 1 April 2014). It is situated on the eastern coast of Zealand, 42 km (26 mi) northwest of Malmö, Sweden and 164 km (102 mi) northeast of Odense. The city stretches across parts of the island of Amager and also contains the enclave of Frederiksberg, a municipality in its own right.Originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it developed into an important regional centre, consolidating its position as capital of Denmark and Norway with its institutions, defences and armed forces. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of redevelopment which included the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and cultural institutions such as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. After further disasters in the early 19th century when Nelson attacked the Danish fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the creation of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes stretching out from the city centre.
Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark and one of the major financial centres of Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. In 2012, Copenhagen was third in the ranking of the richest cities in the world in terms of gross earnings, dropping from first place in 2009. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, the metropolitan area of Copenhagen has become increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö, known as the Øresund Region. With a number of bridges connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades and waterfronts. Copenhagen's landmarks such as Tivoli Gardens, the Little Mermaid Statue, the Amalienborg and Christiansborg palaces, Rosenborg Castle, Frederik's Church, and many museums, restaurants and nightclubs are significant tourist attractions. In addition to recent developments in the city service sector and the pharmaceutical industry, there have been a number of initiatives in clean technology, matching the city's aim to be carbon-neutral by 2025.
Copenhagen has over 94,000 students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions, including the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark and Copenhagen Business School. The University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark, and has repeatedly been ranked as one of the best universities in Europe. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs and the ice hockey teams Rødovre Mighty Bulls, Herlev Eagles and Hvidovre Ligahockey. The annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. The Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen together with the S-train network connecting the outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries.
Etymology
The city's origin as a harbour and a place of commerce is reflected in its name. Its original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning "merchants' harbour", often simply Hafn or Havn. The English cognate would be Chapman's haven.[4] The English name for the city is derived from its Low German name, Kopenhagen. The chemical element hafnium is also named for Copenhagen, whose Latin name is Hafnia.[5] The bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, being coined in 1954 by Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen.[6]History
Main articles: History of Copenhagen and Timeline of Copenhagen
Early History
Although the earliest historical records of Copenhagen are from the end of the 12th century, recent archaeological finds in connection with work on the city's metro have revealed the remains of a large merchant's mansion near today's Kongens Nytorv from c. 1020. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, and the remains of an old church with graves dating to the 11th century have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen. These finds indicate that Copenhagen's origins go back at least as far as the 11th century, while substantial discoveries of flint tools in the area provide evidence of settlements as far back as the Stone Age.[7] Many historians believe the town dates to the late Viking Age, and was possibly founded by Sweyn I Forkbeard.[8] The natural harbour and good herring stocks seem to have attracted fishermen and merchants to the area on a seasonal basis from the 11th century and more permanently in the 13th century.[9] The first habitations were probably centred around Gammel Strand (literally "old shore") in the 11th century or even earlier.[10]The earliest written mention of the town was in the 12th century when Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum referred to it as Portus Mercatorum, which translates into Merchants' Harbour or in the Danish of the time Købmannahavn.[11] Traditionally, Copenhagen's founding has been dated to Bishop Absalon's construction of a modest fortress on the little island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today.[12] The construction of the fortress was in response to attacks by Wendish pirates who plagued the coastline during the 12th century.[13] Defensive ramparts and moats were completed and by 1177 St. Clemens Church had been built. Attacks by the Germans continued, and after the original fortress was eventually destroyed by the marauders, it was replaced by Copenhagen Castle.[14]
Middle Ages
The town rose in prominence but was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic League. As the fishing industry thrived in Copenhagen, particularly in the trade of herring, the city began expanding to the north of Slotsholmen.[13] In 1254, it received a charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen[15] who garnered support from the local fishing merchants against the king by granting them special privileges.[16] In the mid 1330s, the first land assessment of the city was published.[16]
With the establishment of the Kalmar Union (1397–1523) between Denmark, Norway and Sweden, by about 1416 Copenhagen had emerged as the capital of Denmark when Eric of Pomerania moved his seat to Copenhagen Castle.[17][14] The University of Copenhagen was inaugurated on 1 June 1479 by King Christian I, following approval from Pope Sixtus IV.[18] The university's Christian role in Danish society was forced to change during the Reformation in the late 1530s.[18]
16th and 17th centuries
In disputes prior to the Reformation of 1536, the city which had been faithful to Christian II was successfully besieged in 1523 by the forces of Frederik I, who supported Lutheranism. Thereafter, Copenhagen's defences were reinforced with a series of towers along the city wall. After an extended siege from July 1535 to July 1536 during which the city supported Christian II's alliance with Malmö and Lübeck, it was finally forced to capitulate to Christian III. During the second half of the century, the city prospered from increased trade across the Baltic supported by Dutch shipping. Christoffer Valkendorff, a high-ranking statesman, defended the city's interests and contributed to its development.[9]During the reign of Christian IV between 1588 and 1648, Copenhagen experienced dramatic growth as a city. On his initiative at the beginning of the 17th century, two important building were completed on Slotsholmen: the Tøjhus Arsenal and Børsen, the stock exchange. To foster international trade, the East India Company was founded in 1616. To the east of the city, inspired by Dutch planning, the king developed the district of Christianshavn with its canals and ramparts. It was initially intended to be a fortified trading centre but ultimately became part of Copenhagen.[19] Christian IV was also responsible for sponsoring an array of ambitious building projects including Rosenborg Slot and the Rundetarn.[13] In 1658–59, the city withstood a siege by the Swedes under Charles X and successfully repelled a major assault.[19]
By 1661, Copenhagen had asserted its position as capital of Denmark and Norway. All the major institutions were located there as was the fleet and most of the army. The defences were further enhanced with the completion of the Citadel in 1664 and the extension of Christianshavns Vold with its bastions in 1692, leading to the creation of a new base for the fleet at Nyholm.[19][20]
18th century
A substantial amount of rebuilding followed. In 1733, work began on the royal residence of Christiansborg Palace which was completed in 1745. In 1749, development of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden was initiated. Designed by Nicolai Eigtved in the Rococo style, its centre contained the mansions which now form Amalienborg Palace.[24] Major extensions to the naval base of Holmen were undertaken while the city's cultural importance was enhanced with the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.[25]
In the second half of the 18th century, Copenhagen benefitted from Denmark's neutrality during the wars between Europe's main powers, allowing it to play an important role in trade between the states around the Baltic Sea. After Christiansborg was destroyed by fire in 1794 and another fire caused serious damage to the city in 1795, work began on the classical Copenhagen landmark of Højbro Plads while Nytorv and Gammel Torv were converged.[25]
19th century
On 2 April 1801, a British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker defeated a Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack.[26] He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed.[27] Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at Trafalgar.[28] It was during this battle that Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire.[29]
Despite the disasters of the early 19th century, Copenhagen experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the Danish Golden Age. Painting prospered under C.W. Eckersberg and his students while C.F. Hansen and Gottlieb Bindesbøll brought a Neoclassical look to the city's architecture.[34] In the early 1850s, the ramparts of the city were opened to allow new housing to be built around The Lakes (Danish: Søerne) that bordered the old defences to the west. By the 1880s, the districts of Nørrebro and Vesterbro developed to accommodate those who came from the provinces to participate in the city's industrialization. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, as not only were the old ramparts out of date as a defence system but bad sanitation in the old city had to be overcome. From 1886, the west rampart (Vestvolden) was flattened, allowing major extensions to the harbour leading to the establishment of the Freeport of Copenhagen 1892–94.[35] Electricity came in 1892 with electric trams in 1897. The spread of housing to areas outside the old ramparts brought about a huge increase in the population. In 1840, Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 120,000 people. By 1901, it had some 400,000 inhabitants.[25]
20th century
By the beginning of the 20th century, Copenhagen had become a thriving industrial and administrative city. With its new city hall and railway station, its centre was drawn towards the west.[25] New housing developments grew up in Brønshøj and Valby while Frederiksberg became an enclave within the city of Copenhagen.[36] The northern part of Amager and Valby were also incorporated into the City of Copenhagen in 1901–02.[37]As a result of Denmark's neutrality in the First World War, Copenhagen prospered from trade with both Britain and Germany while the city's defences were kept fully manned by some 40,000 soldiers for the duration of the war.[38]
In the 1920s there were serious shortages of goods and housing. Plans were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid of the worst of the city's slum areas.[39] However, it was not until the 1930s that substantial housing developments ensued,[40] with the demolishment of one side of Christianhavn's Torvegade in order to build five large blocks of flats.[39]
- World War II
After the Normandy Invasion the Germans feared the Danish police could become a problem. In early September 1944, they set about arresting the entire Danish police force. Most of them, however, managed either to hide or to escape to Sweden. Out of 2,000 policemen captured and deported to Germany, fewer than half returned after the war. In the absence of a police force, during the last eight months of occupation Copenhagen suffered a high rate of common criminality.[41]
Ole Lippman, the leader of the Danish resistance movement (SOE), invited the RAF to assist their operations by attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Basil Embry drew up plans for a spectacular precision attack on the Sicherheitsdienst and Gestapo building, the former offices of the Shell Oil Company. Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building. The attack came on 22 March 1945, in three small waves. In the first wave, all six planes (carrying one bomb each) hit their target, but unfortunately one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg girls school. Because of this crash four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the military target, and aimed their bombs at the school leading to the death of 123 civilians (of which 87 were schoolgirls).[42] However 18 of the 26 political prisoners in the Shell Building managed to escape while the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed.[42]
On 8 May 1945 Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops commanded by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery who supervised the surrender of 30,000 Germans situated around the capital.[43]
- Post-war decades
2000 to present
On the cultural front, the lavish Copenhagen Opera House, a gift to the city from the shipping magnate Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller on behalf of the A.P. Møller foundation, was completed in 2004.[51] In December 2009 Copenhagen gained international prominence when it hosted the worldwide climate meeting COP15.[52]
Geography
The city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts that are still referred to as the Fortification Ring (Fæstningsringen) and kept as a partial green band around it.[56] Then come the late 19th and early 20th century residential neighbourhoods of Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro. The outlying areas of Kongens Enghave, Valby, Vigerslev, Vanløse, Brønshøj, Utterslev and Sundby followed from 1920 to 1960. They consist mainly of residential housing and apartments often enhanced with parks and greenery.[57]
Topography
The central area of the city consists of relatively low-lying flat ground formed by moraines from the last ice age while the hilly areas to the north and west frequently rise to 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. The slopes of Valby and Brønshøj reach heights of over 30 m (98 ft), divided by valleys running from the northeast to the southwest. Close to the centre are the Copenhagen lakes of Sortedams Sø, Peblinge Sø and Sankt Jørgens Sø.[57]Copenhagen rests on a subsoil of flint-layered limestone deposited in the Danian period some 60 to 66 million years ago. Some greensand from the Selandian is also present. There are a few faults in the area, the most important of which is the Carlsberg fault which runs northwest to southeast through the centre of the city.[58] During the last ice age, glaciers eroded the surface leaving a layer of moraines up to 15 m (49 ft) thick.[59]
Beaches
Copenhagen and the surrounding areas have three beaches with a total of approx. 8 kilometres (5 miles) of sandy shores within 30 minutes cycling from the city centre. These include Amager Strandpark, which opened in 2005 with a 2 km (1 mi) long artificial island and a total of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) of beaches, located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre.[60]
The beaches are supplemented by a system of Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge and has won international acclaim for its design.[61]
Climate
June is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about eight hours of sunshine a day. July and August are warm too with daytime temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F) although rainfall averages 69 mm per month. By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than two per day in November and only one and a half per day from December to February. In the spring, it gets warmer again with from four to six hours of sunshine per day from March to May. February is the driest month of the year.[64] Exceptional weather conditions can bring as much as 50 cm of snow to Copenhagen in a 24 hour period during the winter months[65] while summer temperatures have been known to rise to heights of 33 °C (91 °F).[66]
Because of Copenhagen's northern latitude, the number of daylight hours varies considerably between summer and winter. On the summer solstice, the sun rises at 04:26 and sets at 21:58, providing 17 hours 32 minutes of daylight. On the winter solstice, it rises at 08:37 and sets at 15:39 with 7 hours and 1 minute of daylight. There is therefore a difference of 10 hours and 31 minutes in the length of days and nights between the summer and winter solstices .[67]
| [hide]Climate data for Copenhagen (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
15.0 (59) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
11.1 (52) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
8 (46.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −2 (28) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
7.2 (45) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
5.0 (41) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.81) |
30 (1.18) |
39 (1.54) |
39 (1.54) |
42 (1.65) |
52 (2.05) |
68 (2.68) |
64 (2.52) |
60 (2.36) |
56 (2.2) |
61 (2.4) |
56 (2.2) |
613 (24.13) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 1mm) | 10 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 113 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45 | 67 | 110 | 168 | 217 | 218 | 202 | 193 | 133 | 90 | 55 | 42 | 1,539 |
| Source: Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut | |||||||||||||
Administration
Districts
Main article: Districts of Copenhagen
Municipal government
Copenhagen Municipality is distinct from the wider Copenhagen urban area. The seat of Copenhagen's municipal council is the Copenhagen City Hall (Københavns Rådhus). The council is chaired by the Lord Mayor of Copenhagen, Frank Jensen, who with two selected vice-presidents overlooks the 55 representatives of the council who are given civic duties to perform.[70] The council usually meets every other week at 17:30 on a Thursday.[70] They discuss a range of issues including labour and employment, business growth, economics, international cooperation and IT, urban planning, housing and construction, and young, old, and disabled people issues, healthcare, and traffic, with a central focus on making the city sustainable and meeting environmental and health targets.[71]
The municipal government is divided into seven administrative departments; Employment and Integration, Culture and Leisure, Health and Care, Finance, Child and Youth, Social Services, and Technical and Environmental Administration.[75] It has six political committees and a finance committee. The annual budget for the city is proposed in August and finalized in October and the annual report is published in May of every year. The accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for auditing the City of Copenhagen's accounts.[76]
Lord mayors since 1938
Main article: List of lord mayors of Copenhagen
All lord mayors of Copenhagen have belonged to the Social Democratic Party.[74]- 1938–1946: Viggo Christensen
- 1946–1956: Hans Peter Sørensen
- 1956–1962: Sigvard Munk
- 1962–1976: Urban Hansen
- 1976–1989: Egon Weidekamp
- 1989–2004: Jens Kramer Mikkelsen
- 2004–2005: Lars Engberg
- 2006–2009: Ritt Bjerregaard
- 2010- : Frank Jensen
Law and order
Most of Denmark's top legal courts and institutions are based in Copenhagen. A modern style court of justice, Hof- og Stadsretten, was introduced in Denmark, specifically for Copenhagen, by Johann Friedrich Struensee in 1771.[77] Now known as the City Court of Copenhagen (Kobenhavns Byret), it is the largest of the 24 city courts in Denmark with jurisdiction over the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør and Tårnby. With its 42 judges, it has a Probate Division, an Enforcement Division and a Registration and Notorial Acts Division while bankruptcy is handled by the Maritime and Commercial Court of Copenhagen.[78] Established in 1862, the Maritime and Commercial Court (Sø- og Handelsretten) also hears commercial cases including those relating to trade marks, marketing practices and competition for the whole of Denmark.[79] Denmark's Supreme Court (Højesteret), located in Christiansborg Palace on Prins Jørgens Gård in the centre of Copenhagen, is the country's final court of appeal. Handling civil and criminal cases from the subordinate courts, it has two chambers which each hear all types of cases.[80]
The Copenhagen Fire Department forms the largest municipal fire brigade in Denmark with some 500 fire and ambulance personnel, 150 administration and service workers, and 35 workers in prevention.[83] The brigade began as the Copenhagen Royal Fire Brigade on 9 July 1687 under King Christian V. After the passing of the Copenhagen Fire Act on 18 May 1868, on 1 August 1870 the Copenhagen Fire Brigade became a municipal institution in its own right.[84] The fire department has its headquarters in the Copenhagen Central Fire Station which was designed by Ludvig Fenger in the Historicist style and inaugurated in 1892.[85]
Environmental planning
Main article: Energy in Denmark
Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.[86] The municipal policy is to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% before the end of 2015.[87] In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden. It produces about 4% of the city's energy.[88] Years of substantial investment in sewage treatment have improved water quality in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming with facilities at a number of locations.[89]
The city's architectural planning authorities continue to take full account of these priorities. Special attention is given both to climate issues and efforts to ensure maximum application of low-energy standards. Priorities include recycling rainwater, green roofs and efficient waste management solutions. In city planning, streets and squares are to be designed to encourage cycling and walking rather than driving.[91]
As a result of its commitment to high environmental standards, Copenhagen has been praised for its green economy, becoming the world's leading green city in the 2012 Global Green Economy Index.[92] It has also received the title of "European Green Capital 2014" as a result of its environmental record and its ambitious goals. Mention was made of the city's efforts to work with companies, universities and organisations in order to further green growth, the "Green Laboratory" component in its North Harbour project, and its efforts to increase the proportion of the population cycling to work to 50% by 2015.[93]
Demographics and society
Population
Depending on the boundaries used, the population of Copenhagen differs. Statistics Denmark has never specified the geographical area of urban Copenhagen, but it is known to consist of Copenhagen Municipality, Frederiksberg and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though five of them only partially.[94] The urban area of Copenhagen has a population of 1,246,611 inhabitants as of 2014, with a total of 1,975,361 inhabitants in the overall metropolitan area as 2014; the latter is equivalent to the local traffic area and ticket fare zones, covering 3,030 square kilometres (1,170 square miles).[95] Based on a 10%-isoline (data from 2002) in which at least 10% of the population commutes into central parts of the Copenhagen area, most of Zealand would be covered and this area has a population of about 2.3 million inhabitants.[96]Since the opening of the Øresund Bridge in 2000, commuting between Zealand and Scania in Sweden has increased rapidly, leading to a wider, integrated area. Known as the Øresund Region, it has 3.8 million inhabitants (of which 2.5 million live in the Danish part of the region).[97]
Religion
See also: Religion in Denmark
Quality of living
For a number of years, Copenhagen has ranked high in international surveys for its quality of life. Its stable economy together with its education services and level of social safety make it attractive for locals and visitors alike. Although it is one of the world's most expensive cities, it is also one of the most liveable with its public transport, facilities for cyclists and its environmental policies.[102] In elevating Copenhagen to "most liveable city" in 2013, Monocle pointed to its open spaces, increasing activity on the streets, city planning in favour of cyclists and pedestrians, and features to encourage inhabitants to enjoy city life with an emphasis on community, culture and cuisine.[103] Other sources have ranked Copenhagen high for its business environment, accessibility, restaurants and environmental planning.[104] For students, however, Copenhagen ranks only No. 39 for student friendliness in 2012. Despite a top score for quality of living, its scores were low for employer activity and affordability.[105]Economy
Copenhagen is the economic and financial centre of Denmark but is also of international importance. Statistics for 2010 show that of the 350,000 people working in Copenhagen, the vast majority are employed in the service sector, especially transport and communications, trade, and finance, while less than 10,000 work in the manufacturing industries. The public sector workforce is around 110,000, including education and healthcare.[106] From 2006 to 2011, the economy grew by 2.5% in Copenhagen and Copenhagen Municipality while it fell by some 4% in the rest of Denmark.[107]In Dansk Industri's 2013 survey of employment factors in 96 Danish municipalities, Copenhagen came in first place for educational qualifications and for the development of private companies in recent years but fell to No. 86 in local companies' assessment of the employment climate. The survey revealed considerable dissatisfaction in the level of dialogue companies enjoyed with the municipal authorities.[108] In 2012, Copenhagen was third in the ranking of the richest cities in the world in terms of gross earnings, dropping from first place in 2009.[109] In the 2011 UBS survey of prices and earnings, Copenhagen had fallen to fifth place for price levels while it held third place in gross wage levels and was said to have the highest purchasing power in terms of gross hourly wages although it was only in 12th place in terms of domestic purchasing power.[110]
Copenhagen is home to a number of international companies including A.P. Møller-Mærsk, Novo Nordisk, Carlsberg and Novozymes.[111] The city also has successful business clusters in several innovative sectors including information technology, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology.[112]
Tourism is also an increasingly important sector for Copenhagen's economy, reaching record numbers in 2012 for the third year in succession.[113] The number of room nights reached 8.1 million, up 25% since 2008. Between 2011 and 2012, room nights increased 9.2% overall, tallying a rise of 39% for Chinese visitors. The numbers of airline and cruise passengers visiting the city were also at new highs while turnover for congress tourism reached DKK 1.2 billion with a total of 57 congresses in the year. [113]
Copenhagen has a service oriented economy. Life science is a key sector with extensive research and development activities. In collaboration with Sweden, Medicon Valley is being developed as a central sector of interest across the entire Øresund Region. Major Danish biotech companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck, both of which are among the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the world, are located in the greater Copenhagen area.[114] Shipping is also an import sector with Maersk, the world's largest shipping company, having their world headquarters in Copenhagen.
Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world.[115] High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A beneficial researcher scheme with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour. It is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.[116][117]
Medicon Valley
Main article: Medicon Valley
Cleantech
Launched in 2010, the Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster is the focal point of a cooperative effort between public authorities, universities, research institutions and cleantech companies. By 2012, the initiative involved 533 companies in the Copenhagen region, up form 396 in 2010. The service sector, with 44% of companies, was the top sector followed by wholesale and retail trade (22%) and production (20%). The cluster employed more than 85,000 people in 2010, down from 94,000 in 2008.[121] The region's most important cleantech research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School,[122] Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark (of which Risø is now part). In 2012, companies in the Cleantech Cluster experienced growth as well as an increase in the launching of new products and services.[123]Cityscape
Architecture
Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, broken only by the spires and towers of its churches and castles. Most characteristic of all is the Baroque spire of the Church of Our Saviour with its narrowing external spiral stairway that visitors can climb to the top.[129] Other important spires are those of Christiansborg Palace, the City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. Not quite so high are the Renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the intertwined tails of four dragons.[130]
Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen[131] both for Danish architecture and for works by international architects. For a few hundred years, virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen, but since the turn of the millennium the city and its immediate surroundings have seen buildings and projects designed by top international architects. At the same time, a number of Danish architects have achieved success in Copenhagen and abroad. Buildings in Copenhagen have won RIBA European Awards four years in a row ("Sampension" in 2005,[132] "Kilen" in 2006,[133] "Tietgenkollegiet" in 2007 and the Royal Playhouse in 2008.[134]) The last three are all by Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.[135] At the 2008 World Architecture Festival in Barcelona, Bjarke Ingels Group won an award for the World's Best Residential Building 2008 for a house in Ørestad.[136] In 2008 British design magazine Monocle named Copenhagen the World's best design city 2008.[137]
The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as the IT University and a high school.[138]
Parks
Main article: Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
Copenhagen is a green city with many parks, both large and small. King's Garden (Kongens Have), the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most frequented of them all.[139] It was Christian IV who first developed its landscaping in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5 million visitors[140] and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a sculpture garden with both a permanent display and temporary exhibits during the summer months.[139] Also located in the city centre are the Botanical Gardens noted for their large complex of 19th-century greenhouses donated by Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen.[141] Fælledparken at 58 ha (140 acres) is the largest park in Copenhagen.[142]
In Copenhagen, many cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation. Assistens Cemetery, the burial place of Hans Christian Andersen, is an important green space for the district of Inner Nørrebro and a Copenhagen institution. The lesser known Vestre Kirkegaard is the largest cemetery in Denmark (54 ha (130 acres)) and offers a maze of dense groves, open lawns, winding paths, hedges, overgrown tombs, monuments, tree-lined avenues, lakes and other garden features.[147]
It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that by 2015 all citizens must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.[148] In line with this policy, several new parks, including the innovative Superkilen in the Nørrebro district, have been completed or are under development in areas lacking green spaces.[149]
Landmarks by district
Indre By
Christianshavn
Vesterbro
Nørrebro
Østerbro
Just north of the city centre, Østerbro is an upper middle-class district with a number of fine mansions, some now serving as embassies.[167] The district stretches from Nørrebro to the waterfront where the statue of The Little Mermaid can be seen from the promenade known as Langelinie. Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, it was created by Edvard Eriksen and unveiled in 1913.[168] Not far from the Little Mermaid, the old Citadel (Kastellet) can be seen. Built by Christian IV, it is one of northern Europe's best preserved fortifications. There is also a windmill in the area.[169] The large Gefion Fountain (Gefionspringvandet) designed by Anders Bundgaard and completed in 1908 stands close to the southeast corner of Kastellet. Its figures illustrate a Nordic legend.[170]Frederiksberg
Other districts
Not far from Copenhagen Airport on the Kastrup coast, The Blue Planet completed in March 2013 now houses the national aquarium. With its 53 aquariums, it is the largest facility of its kind in Scandinavia.[173] Grundtvig's Church, located in the northern suburb of Bispebjerg, was designed by P.V. Jensen Klint and completed in 1940. A rare example of Expressionist church architecture, its striking west façade is reminiscent of a church organ.[174]Culture and contemporary life
Museums
See also: List of museums in and around Copenhagen
Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of international standing. The National Museum, Nationalmuseet, is Denmark's largest museum of archaeology and cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike.[179] Denmark's National Gallery (Statens Museum for Kunst)
is the national art museum with collections dating from the 12th
century to the present. In addition to Danish painters, artists
represented in the collections include Rubens, Rembrandt, Picasso, Braque, Léger, Matisse, Emil Nolde, Olafur Eliasson, Elmgreen and Dragset, Superflex and Jens Haaning.[180]
Louisiana is a museum of modern art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. It is located in the middle of a sculpture garden on a cliff overlooking Øresund. Its collection of over 3,000 items includes works by Picasso, Giacometti and Dubuffet.[182] The Danish Design Museum is housed in the 18th-century former Frederiks Hospital and displays Danish design as well as international design and crafts.[183]
Other museums include: the Thorvaldsens Museum, dedicated to the oeuvre of romantic Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen who lived and worked in Rome;[184] the Cisternerne museum dedicated to modern glass art, located in former cisterns that come complete with stalactites formed by the changing water levels;[185] and the Ordrupgaard Museum, located just north of Copenhagen, which features 19th-century French and Danish art and is noted for its works by Paul Gauguin.[186]
Entertainment and performing arts
The largest venue for popular music in Copenhagen is Vega in the Vesterbro district. It was chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine Live. The venue has three concert halls: the great hall, Store Vega, accommodates audiences of 1,550, the middle hall, Lille Vega, has space for 500 and Ideal Bar Live has a capacity of 250.[192] Every September since 2006, the Festival of Endless Gratitude (FOEG) has taken place in Copenhagen. This festival focuses on indie counterculture, experimental pop music and left field music combined with visual arts exhibitions.[193]
For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers.[194]
Literature
The Royal Library, Denmark's national library, which also serves as the library of the University of Copenhagen is the largest library in the Nordic countries with an almost complete collection of all printed Danish books since 1482. Founded in 1648, the library is located at four sites in the city, the main one being on the Slotsholmen waterfront.[199] Copenhagen's public library network has over 20 outlets, the largest being the Central Library (Københavns Hovedbibliotek) on Krystalgade in the inner city.[200]
Art
A number of notable sculptures can be see in the city. In addition to the Little Mermaid on the waterfront, there are two historic equestrian statues in the city centre: Jacques Saly's Frederik V on Horseback (1771) in Amalienborg Square[205] and the statue of Christian V on Kongens Nytorv created by Abraham-César Lamoureux in 1688 who was inspired by the statue of Louis XIII in Paris.[206] Rosenborg Castle Gardens contains several sculptures and monuments including August Saabye's Hans Christian Andersen, Aksel Hansen's Echo, and Vilhelm Bissen's Dowager Queen Caroline Amalie.[207]
Copenhagen is believed to have invented the photomarathon photography competition, which has been held in the City each year since 1989.[208][209]
Cuisine
For a broader look at this topic, see Danish cuisine.
Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, ethnic and experimental restaurants. It is possible to find modest eateries serving open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød – a traditional, Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes.[214] Danish pastry can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city. The Copenhagen Baker's Association dates back to the 1290s and Denmark's oldest confectioner's shop still operating, Conditori La Glace, was founded in 1870 in Skoubogade by Nicolaus Henningsen, a trained master baker from Flensburg.[215]
Copenhagen has long been associated with beer. Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises on the border between the Vesterbro and Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than 100 breweries, many of which are located in Copenhagen. Some like Nørrebro Bryghus also act as brewpubs where it is also possible to eat on the premises.[216][217]
Nightlife and festivals
Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals, mainly in the summer. Copenhagen Carnival has taken place every year since 1982 during the Whitsun Holiday in Fælledparken and around the city with the participation of 120 bands, 2,000 dancers and 100,000 spectators.[220] Copenhagen Pride is a gay pride festival taking place every year in August. Among the events is "Tivoli goes pink" which ends with a parade. Copenhagen Distortion is a youth culture festival capturing the zeitgeist of the city. Every year (five days up to the first weekend of June) it attracts up to 100,000 people in the streets, shops, galleries, clubs, bars, in boats and buses, with a cultural focus on street culture, art and upfront dance music.[221]
Since 2010 the old B&W Shipyard at Refshaleøen in the Copenhagen harbour has been the location for the outdoor music festival Copenhell, taking place every year in mid June. The festival is a large gathering for heavy metal, hard rock and punk rock culture with concerts and other on-site entertainment drawing thousands of visitors every year. Its location close to the center of Copenhagen provides its visitors easy and quick access to Copenhagen both by public transportation and bicycle, as well as providing visitors with the possibility of accommodation in the citys many hostels and hotels. Since its inception in 2010 the festival has hosted concerts by such acts as Alice in Chains, Judas Priest, Megadeth, Slayer and many more.[222]
Amusement parks
Dyrehavsbakken, a fair-ground and pleasure-park established in 1583, is located in Klampenborg just north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as Dyrehaven. Created as an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by Christian IV, it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the world.[223] Pierrot (Danish: Pjerrot), a nitwit dressed in white with a scarlet grin wearing a boat-like hat while entertaining children, remains one of the park's key attractions. In Danish, Dyrehavsbakken is often abbreviated as Bakken. There is no entrance fee to pay and Klampenborg Station on the C-line, is situated nearby.[225]
The Tivoli Gardens is an amusement park and pleasure garden located in central Copenhagen between the City Hall Square and the Central Station. It opened in 1843, making it the second oldest amusement park in the world. Among its rides are the oldest still operating rollercoaster Rutschebanen from 1915 and the oldest ferris wheel still in use, opened in 1943.[226] Tivoli Gardens also serves as a venue for various performing arts and as an active part of the cultural scene in Copenhagen.[227]
Education
Copenhagen's higher-education system relies on public universities. Most prominent among these is the University of Copenhagen. Founded in 1479, it is the oldest university in Denmark. A world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around the city, it forms part of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), which encourages international collaboration between top universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Yale, Berkeley and The Australian National University. The University attracts some 1,500 international and exchange students every year. It has repeatedly been ranked as one of the best universities in Europe.[234]
The IT University of Copenhagen is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.[236]
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi) has provided a practice-oriented complement to the scholarly investigation of the arts carried out at Danish universities for more than 250 years. It includes the historical School of Visual Arts, and has in later years come to include a School of Architecture, a School of Design and a School of Conservation.[237] Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is an EQUIS-accredited business school located in Frederiksberg.[238] There are also branches of both University College Capital and Metropolitan University College inside and outside Copenhagen.[239][240]
Sport
The city has a variety of sporting teams. The major football teams are the historically successful FC København[241] and Brøndby. FC København plays at Parken in Østerbro. Formed in 1992, it is a merger of two older Copenhagen clubs, B 1903 (from the inner suburb Gentofte) and KB (from Frederiksberg).[242] Brøndby plays at Brøndby Stadion in the inner suburb of Brøndbyvester. BK Frem is based in the southern part of Copenhagen (Sydhavnen, Valby). Other teams are FC Nordsjælland (from suburban Farum), Fremad Amager, B93, AB, Frem, Lyngby and Hvidovre IF.[243]
Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Business School Sport Rugby, Frederiksberg RK and Rugbyklubben Speed. Rugby League is now played in Copenhagen, with the national team playing out of Gentofte Stadion. The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English speaking world.[243][246]
Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual marathon event, was established in 1980.[247] Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a 2 km (1.2 mi) open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August.[248] This amateur event is combined with a 10 km (6 mi) Danish championship.[249] In 2009 the event included a 10 km (6 mi) FINA World Cup competition in the morning. Copenhagen hosted the 2011 UCI Road World Championships in September 2011, taking advantage of its bicycle-friendly infrastructure. It was the first time that Denmark had hosted the event since 1956, when it was also held in Copenhagen.[250]
Transport
Main article: Transport in Copenhagen
Copenhagen has an extensive road network including motorways connecting the city to other parts of Denmark and to Sweden over the Øresund Bridge.[255] The car is still the most popular form of transport within the city itself, representing two-thirds of all distances travelled. This can however lead to serious congestion in rush hour traffic.[257]
The Danish capital is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world.[258] Every day 1.2 million km are covered by Copenhagen's cyclists. Some 37% of all citizens cycle to work, school or university. The city's bicycle paths are extensive and well used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems, giving the cyclists a lead of a couple of seconds to accelerate.[259]
Healthcare
See also: Healthcare in Denmark
Promoting health is an extremely important issue for Copenhagen's
municipal authorities. Central to its sustainability mission is its
"Long Live Copenhagen" (Længe Leve København) scheme in which it
has the goal of increasing the life expectancy of citizens, improving
quality of life through better standards of health, and encouraging more
productive lives and equal opportunities.[260] The city has targets to encourage people to exercise regularly and to reduce the number who smoke and consume alcohol.[260]
Copenhagen University Hospital forms a conglomerate of several hospitals in Region Hovedstaden and Region Sjælland, together with the faculty of health sciences at the University of Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet and Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen belong to this group of university hospitals.[261] Rigshospitalet began operating in March 1757 as Frederiks Hospital,[262] and became state-owned in 1903. With 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000 outpatients annually. It seeks to be the number one specialist hospital in the country, with an extensive team of researchers into cancer treatment, surgery and radiotherapy.[263] In addition to its 8,000 personnel, the hospital has training and hosting functions. It benefits from the presence of in-service students of medicine and other healthcare sciences, as well as scientists working under a variety of research grants. The hospital became internationally famous as the location of Lars von Trier's television horror mini-series The Kingdom. Bispebjerg Hospital was built in 1913, and serves about 400,000 people in the Greater Copenhagen area, with some 3,000 employees.[264] Other large hospitals in the city include Amager Hospital (1997),[265] Hvidovre Hospital (1970),[266] and Gentofte Hospital (1927).[267]
Media
Copenhagen also has a sizable film and television industry. Nordisk Film, established in Valby, Copenhagen in 1906 is the oldest continuously operating film production company in the world.[220] In 1992 it merged with the Egmont media group and currently runs the 17-screen Palads Cinema in Copenhagen. Filmbyen (movie city), located in a former military camp in the suburb of Hvidovre, houses several movie companies and studios. Among the movie companies is Zentropa, co-owned by Danish movie director Lars von Trier who is behind several international movie productions as well as a founding force behind the Dogme Movement.[273] CPH:PIX is Copenhagen's international feature film festival, established in 2009 as a fusion of the 20-year-old Natfilm festival and the four-year-old CIFF. The CPH:PIX festival takes place in mid-April. CPH:DOX is Copenhagen's international documentary film festival, every year in November. On top of its documentary film programme of over 100 films, CPH:DOX includes a wide event programme with dozens of events, concerts, exhibitions and parties all over town.[274]
Notable people
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Copenhagen
Bách khoa toàn thư mở WikipediaĐối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Copenhagen (định hướng).
Copenhagen (phiên âm tiếng Việt: Cô-pen-ha-ghen; tiếng Đan Mạch: København, IPA: [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn]) là thủ đô và là thành phố lớn nhất của Đan Mạch, đồng thời là thành phố lớn thứ hai trong khu vực Bắc Âu (chỉ thua thành phố Stockholm - thủ đô của Thuỵ Điển). Copenhagen có 1.153.615 cư dân (2008)[1]. Với công trình cầu Oresund nối liền hai quốc gia Đan Mạch-Thụy Điển, Copenhagen đã trở thành trung tâm của vùng đô thị Đan Mạch-Thụy Điển có tên là Oresund. Đây là vùng lớn nhất Scandinavia với dân số trên 3,5 triệu người[2]. Với cương vị thủ đô, Copenhagen là nơi đặt trụ sở của các cơ quan lập pháp, hành pháp và tư pháp trung ương của Đan Mạch.København Huy hiệu
Ví trí ở Đan MạchDiện tích
- City
- Urban
88 km²
455,61 km²Dân số (2007-01-01)
- Nội ô
- Vùng đô thị
- Mật độ dân số (tp/vùng đt)
503.699
1.923.217
5707/2659/km²Múi giờ Trung Âu: UTC+1 Vĩ độ
Kinh độ55°43' N
12°34' E
Mục lục
Tên gọi
Tên thành phố thời trung cổ là Køpmannæhafn, tiếng Đan Mạch cổ, có nghĩa là Cảng của các nhà buôn, thể hiện tầm quan trọng của các nhà buôn đối với thành phố trong thời điểm đó. Một loạt tên bằng các ngôn ngữ khác dựa theo tên nguyên thủy tiếng Đan Mạch. Ví dụ Kopenhagen trong tiếng Đức và tiếng Hà Lan, Copenhagen trong tiếng Anh, Copenhague trong tiếng Pháp, tiếng Bồ Đào Nha và tiếng Tây ban nha, Hafnia trong tiếng Latin, Copenaghen trong tiếng Ý, Köpenhamn trong tiếng Thụy Điển, Koppenhága trong tiếng Hungary, Kööpenhamina trong tiếng Phần Lan, Kopenhaga trong tiếng Ba Lan, Kопенга́ген trong tiếng Nga, Kaupmannahöfn trong tiếng Iceland vv... Người dân tỉnh lẻ - nhất là ở Jutland - đôi khi cũng gọi theo tiếng lóng là Københavnstrup.
Một nguyên tố hóa học được phát hiện tại viện Niels Bohr năm 1923 được đặt tên là hafnium, theo tên tiếng Latin của thành phố[3].
Địa lý
Copenhagen nằm trên 3 đảo là Amager, Slotsholmen và phần phía đông đảo Zealand. Một loạt cầu và đường hầm nối liền các phần của thành phố trên 3 đảo này[4].
Lịch sử
Có 1 phần di tích từ thời tiền sử là vết tích 1 nơi cư ngụ bên bờ biển từ thời đại đồ đá mới, được tìm thấy ở khu vực Copenhagen, khi xây dựng Strandpark ở đảo Amager bên Eo biển Oresund. Các gò mộ cổ ở vùng ngoại ô cũng chứng tỏ nơi đây đã có người cư ngụ từ thời đại Viking.
Người ta cho rằng ở khoảng năm 1000, Copenhagen chỉ là 1 thôn nhỏ của các ngư dân, ở vị trí phía bắc Tòa đô chính hiện nay, tại khoảng đường Mikkel Brygger. Tuy nhiên khi đào đường xe điện ngầm, người ta đã tìm thấy dấu vết các cầu tàu ở Gammel Strand (Bãi biển cũ), từ khoảng năm 800. Khi đào hầm để làm nhà ga xe điện ngầm ở Kongens Nytorv người ta lại tìm thêm được vết tích 1 nhà từ thời đại Viking[5].
Thành phố được nêu với tên "Havn" lần đầu trong các nguồn sử liệu là 1 trận hải chiến giữa Svend Estridsen với vua Na Uy Magnus den Gode năm 1043. Sau đó, trong suốt 120 năm sau, không thấy nhắc tới tên này nữa, điều đó chứng tỏ là Copenhagen thời đó chỉ có tầm quan trọng thứ yếu so với các thành phố khác. Dường như trong thế kỷ 12, thành phố nổi lên vì nằm ở vị trí giữa các thành phố lớn có nhà thờ chính tòa là thành phố Lund (nam Thụy Điển, thời đó thuộc Đan Mạch) và thành phố Roskilde, do đó là điểm nút giao thông và buôn bán quan trọng giữa 2 thành phố lớn đó. Ở nửa sau thế kỷ 12, thành phố nhỏ tên "Hafn" hoặc "Køpmænnahafn" lại được Saxo Grammaticus nói đến, khi cho biết là khoảng năm 1160, thành phố này được trao cho giám mục Absalon - không biết năm chính xác, vì giấy trao tặng không còn tìm thấy. Tuy nhiên, ở Nha Văn khố quốc gia còn lưu 1 thư xác nhận của giáo hoàng Urban III ký ngày 21.10.1186 (26 năm sau) với phong bì có dấu niêm phong. Khoảng 1167-1171, Absalon xây 1 lâu pháo đài và 1 tường thành. Dường như lâu pháo đài đó nằm trên đảo nhỏ Slotsholmen, chỗ lâu đài Christianborg ngày nay. Cũng dường như chính Absalon đã xây 1 nhà thờ đầu tiên trong thành phố là nhà thờ thánh Clemens.
Ngoài ra, Absalon cũng được trao cho các thành phố khác là Serridslev, Vigerslev, Valby, Brønshøj, Emdrup, Vanløse, Virum, Bagsværd, Rødovre, Tårnby và Nærum (đều ở Zealand).
Dấu triện của thành phố năm 1296Thành phố bắt đầu phát triển trong thời kỳ Absalon lãnh đạo, nhất là trong thế kỷ 13, thành phố mở rộng phần lớn giữa quảng trường Kongens Nytorv và quảng trường Tòa đô chính (Rådhuspladsen). Các Nhà thờ Đức Bà, Tu viện dòng Phanxicô, nhà thờ thánh Phêrô, thánh Nicolai đều được xây trong nửa đầu thế kỷ 13. Thế kỷ này là thế kỷ bất ổn trong lịch sử Đan Mạch vì có cuộc tranh chấp gay gắt về quyền làm chủ các thành phố giữa các vua và các giám mục. Năm 1251 giám mục Jacob Erlandsen đã ép vua Abel trao thành phố cho ông ta, và năm 1254 lần đầu tiên ông ta đã cho thành phố này quyền là thành phố lớn. Tuy nhiên chỉ 5 năm sau, năm 1259, thành phố bị hoàng thân Jaromar tấn công chiếm đóng.
Lâu đài Rosenborg
Sau đó thành phố dân dần lớn lên trở thành thành phố lớn nhất và quan trọng nhất vương quốc, mặc dù chưa trở thành thủ đô.
Cuộc chiến tranh giữa các thành phố buôn bán Đức với vua Đan Mạch Valdemar Atterdag, khiến cho thành phố bị chiếm và lâu pháo đài bị phá năm 1368. Năm 1419, cuối cùng vua Erik af Pommern đã hoàn toàn nắm thành phố từ tay giáo hội. Từ đó các vua Đan Mạch đều coi Copenhagen là thành phố quan trọng và năm 1443 vua Christoffer III đã biến thành phố thành nơi cư ngụ của nhà vua và gia tộc.
Năm 1479, trường đại học Copenhagen được thành lập.
Dưới thời Cải cách (sang đạo Tin Lành) và trong cuộc nổi dậy của bá tước Christoffer af Oldenburg (1534-36), dân thành phố đứng về phe vua thất trận Christìan II, nhưng được tha, không bị vua mới Christian III trả thù.
Dưới thời vua Christian IV, các tường thành phố cũ dọc theo đường Gothersgade bị phá bỏ, thành phố mở rộng tới khoảng đoạn đường sắt hiện nay giữa Nørreport và Østerport, trong khi các bờ lũy bao quanh thời trung cổ được hiện đại hóa và được mở rộng với các công sự phòng thủ ở khu mới Christianshavn. Từ 1658-1660 dưới thời chiến tranh với Thụy Điển lần I, Copenhagen là khu vực cuối cùng còn ở trong sự kiểm soát của Đan Mạch, mặc dù bị quân Thụy Điển bao vây. Tháng 2/1659, quân Thụy Điển tìm cách tấn công thành phố, nhưng quân và dân thành phố đã giữ vững và quân Thụy Điển tiếp tục bao vây tới ngày 27.5.1660.
Khi vua Frederik III lập chế độ quân chủ chuyên chế năm 1660 thì Copenhagen càng trở nên quan trọng, vì mọi quyết định đối với quốc gia đều xuất phát từ đây. Năm 1664 chiến lũy của thành phố được hoàn tất ở khu Østerport. Năm 1711-1712 Copenhagen bị 1 trận dịch hạch lớn nhất trong lịch sử, giết chết khoảng 20.000 người trong tổng số khoảng 60.000 cư dân. Năm 1728 Copenhagen lại bị 1 trận hỏa hoạn thiêu hủy hơn 1/4 thành phố.
Năm 1748 người ta lập khu Frederiksstaden ở phía bắc quảng trường, sau này dinh Amalienborg được xây ở đây. Nửa sau thế kỷ 18, Copenhagen phát triển nhanh, nhờ lợi dụng việc tranh chấp thương mại giữa Anh và Pháp. Năm 1794, dinh Christiansborg bị cháy và năm 1795 lại 1 trận hỏa hoạn nữa thiêu hủy khu cổ thành. Sau đó hạm đội Đan Mạch bị hạm đội Anh bắt giữ, rồi cuộc bắn phá thành phố của quân Anh năm 1807, khiến cho thành phố hư hại nhiều.
Sau 1 số năm bị khủng hoảng, thành phố lại bắt đầu phát triển nhanh trong thế kỷ 19. Về văn hóa, Copenhagen là cái khung cho thời kỳ vàng son lịch sử của Đan Mạch. Tuy nhiên cái nổi bật nhất là việc kỹ nghệ hóa trong nửa sau thế kỷ 19.
Cảng mới của Copenhagen
Sau trận dịch tả đáng sợ năm 1853, người ta quyết định phá bỏ các tường thành có tính quân sự cũ và người dân bắt đầu định cư ở vùng bên ngoài các tường thành này, tạo thành các khu mới với cầu nối như Nørrebro (từ 1852), Vesterbro, Østerbro, Amagerbro, Islands Brygge (từ 1905) khiến cho dân số tăng nhanh. Khoảng năm 1800 Copenhagen có khoảng 100.000 dân nhưng đến đầu thế kỷ 20 đã có xấp xỉ 500.000 dân và trở nên thành phố công nghiệp lớn.
Năm 1905, xây Tòa đô chính và năm 1911 xây Nhà ga xe lửa chính.
Sau thế chiến thứ nhất, mọi thứ đều thiếu thốn và nạn thất nghiệp lớn khiến cho các khu dân lao động bất ổn. Sau đó dần dần thành phố mở rộng tới các kkhu ngoại thành, và việc giao thông công cộng cũng mở rộng. Năm 1934 khai trương tuyến đường sắt cho xe điện nội thành và vùng ngoại ô.
Trong thế chiến thứ hai Copenhagen cũng như toàn Đan Mạch bị quân Đức quốc xã chiếm đóng tới khi kết thúc chiến tranh, ngày 5.5.1945. Nhiều nhà bị phá - hoặc do du kích phá hoại hoặc do quân Đồng Minh ném bom - trong đó có thể kể đến Shellhuset, đại bản doanh của Gestapo (bị bom của Anh phá ngày 21.3.1945). Trong cuộc ném bom này, Den Franske Skole (trường Pháp) ở Frederiksberg cũng không may bị trúng bom, giết chết nhiều học sinh. Nhiều nhà máy kỹ nghệ cũng bị quân kháng chiến Đan Mạch cho nổ tung.
Sau chiến tranh, thành phố gia tăng nhiều xe hơi, khiến nảy sinh kế hoạch phát triển thành phố theo dạng 5 ngón tay xòe ra từ mạng lưới xe điện nội ngoại thành. Một số nkhu ngoại thành đã nhanh chóng mọc lên. Sau năm 1990 Copenhagen bắt đầu phát triển nhanh hơn nữa với hệ thống xe điện ngầm, khu thể thao - văn hóa hiện đại Parken và cả các khu thành phố hoàn toàn mới (Ørestad, Islands Brygge, Teglholmen) gần ngay khu trung tâm.
Nhất là sau khi xây xong Cầu Oresund và Copenhagen trở thành trung tâm vùng Oresund thì thành phố là 1 trong các nơi có giá sinh hoạt đắt đỏ nhất.[6]
Hành chính
Các khu vực hành chính ở Copenhagen
Lâu đài ChristiansborgKhu vực Copenhagen trực thuộc 2 vùng hành chính là Vùng Thủ đô và Vùng Zealand và gồm có các thị xã hành chính sau:
Nhà thờ đá hoa
- Thị xã Copenhagen
- Thị xã Frederiksberg
- Thị xã Albertslund
- Thị xã Brøndby
- Thị xã Gentofte
- Thị xã Gladsaxe
- Thị xã Glostrup
- Thị xã Herlev
- Thị xã Hvidovre
- Thị xã Lyngby-Taarbæk
- Thị xã Rødovre
- Thị xã Tårnby
- Thị xã Vallensbæk
Thị xã Copenhagen là thị xã đông dân nhất với khoảng 500.000 dân (gần nửa dân số của Copenhagen). Các thị xã lớn khác như Thị xã Frederiksberg (93.000), Gentofte (69.000) và Gladsaxe (62.500), còn các thị xã nhỏ như Vallensbæk có 12.000. Về diện tích, thị xã Copehagen cũng lớn nhất với 88 km², Lyngby-Taarbæk (39 km²), trong khi các thị xã nhỏ như Frederiksberg có 9 km².
Thị xã Frederiksberg là nơi có mật độ dân số lớn nhất Đan Mạch với 10.600 dân/km².
Cơ quan cao nhất của thị xã là Hội đồng thành phố Copenhagen, gọi là Borgerrepræsentationen (Ban đại diện nhân dân) gồm 55 thành viên, do dân bầu trực tiếp mỗi 4 năm 1 lần. Cuộc bầu cử lần chót diễn ra trong tháng 11/2005 với số đại biểu thuộc các đảng sau:
- Dân chủ xã hội (A): 21 đại biểu
- Venstre (đảng Tả) (V): 8 đại biểu
- Đảng Nhân dân xã hội (F): 7 đại biểu
- Đảng Tả cấp tiến (B): 7 đại biểu
- Danh sách thống nhất (Ø): 6 đại biểu
- Đảng nhân dân bảo thủ (C): 3 đại biểu
- Đảng Nhân dân Đan Mạch (O): 3 đại biểu[7]
- Tiểu ban Kinh tế - dưới quyền đô trưởng Ritt Bjerregaard (A)
- Tiểu ban Văn hóa & giải trí - dưới quyền trưởng ban Pia Allerslev (V)
- Tiểu ban Nhi đồng và Thanh thiếu niên - dưới quyền trưởng ban Bo Asmus Kjeldgaard (F)
- Tiểu ban Y tế và Chăm sóc dân - dưới quyền trưởng ban Mogens Lønborg (C)
- Tiểu ban Xã hội - dưới quyền trưởng ban Mikkel Warming (Ø)
- Tiểu ban Kỹ thuật & Môi trường - dưới quyền trưởng ban Klaus Bondam (B)
- Tiểu ban Việc làm & Hội nhập - dưới quyền trưởng ban Jakob Hougaard (A)[8]
Dân số
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Du lịch & Văn hóa
Các thắng cảnh
- Tượng người cá (Den lille Havfrue), ở Langelinie, do Edvard Eriksen thiết kế theo yêu cầu của chủ hãng bia Carl Jacobsen, được khánh thành ngày 23.8.1913. Tượng thể hiện người cá Havfruen trong truyện thần tiên của Hans Christian Andersen, dựa theo khuôn mặt của nữ diễn viên Ellen Price và thân người dựa theo Eline, vợ của Edward Eriksen.
- Công viên giải trí Tivoli, nằm giữa Quảng trường Tòa đô chính và Nhà ga xe lửa Copenhagen. Công viên được Georg Carstensen khai trương năm 1843, hồi đó nằm ngoài các bờ lũy, trong khu vực chưa có nhà cửa. (den ældste er Dyrehavsbakken)
- Tháp tròn (Rundetårn), nguyên là đài quan sát thiên văn
- Børsen (Khu giao dịch chứng khoán)
- Nyboder
- Christianshavn (khu thành phố mới)
- Lâu đài Rosenborg
- Amalienborg (dinh nữ hoàng)
- Marmorkirken (Nhà thờ bằng đá hoa)
- Fristaden Christiania
- Thư viện hoàng gia (được gọi là Viên Kim cương đen)
- Nhà hát thành phố (mới)
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Các nhà hát & Nhà hát Opera
Các nhà bảo tàng
Thể thao
- Câu lạc bộ bóng đá FC København, chơi ở giải Siêu hạng Đan Mạch.
- Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Brøndby IF, chơi ở gải Siêu hạng Đan Mạch.
- Một số đội bóng hạng 1 và hạng 2 như AB, B.93, Brønshøj, Frem, Fremad Amager, HIK và Skjold.
- Đội bóng ném nam FCK Håndbold, chơi ở giải hạng nhất nam.
- Đội bóng ném nữ Copenhagen, chơi ở giải hạng nhất nữ.
- Các đội bóng ném Ajax Heroes, Ydun và HIK, chơi ở giải hạng 2.
- Từ 1988 tới 2003, giải quần vợt Copenhagen Open (ATP) được tổ chức hàng năm ở KB-Hallen tại Frederiksberg
- Giải Copenhagen Athletics Games từ 2005-2007
- Các câu lạc bộ chèo thuyền DSR và Kvik, hàng năm đêu tham dự cuộc đua "svanemøllematch"[9], từ năm 1895
- Các câu lạc bộ đua thuyền khác như Københavns Roklub, SAS, Amager Ro- og Kajakklub và Bagsværd Roklub.[10]
Giáo dục & Đào tạo
Thành phố có cá trường đào tạo sau đây:- Đại học Copenhagen
- Copenhagen Business School (CBS)
- Đại học Công nghệ thông tin Copenhagen
- Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole (Trường Kiến trúc)
- Danmarks Designskole (Trường thiết kế mẫu)
- Det Kgl. Danske Musikkonservatorium (DKDM) (Nhạc viện hoàng gia Đan Mạch)
- Den pædagogiske professionshøjskole i Region Hovedstaden (Trường Cao đẳng chuyên môn sư phạm)[13]
- Den flerfaglige professionshøjskole i Region Hovedstaden (Trường Cao đẳng chuyên môn đa ngành)[13]
- Danmarks Biblioteksskole
Kinh tế
Năm 2008, thu nhập bình quân của dân Copenhagen là 1 trong số thu nhập cao nhất thế giới (hạng thứ 6)[14]. Đồng thời Copenhagen cũng là thành phố có giá sinh hoạt vào hạng cao trên thế giới[15]Copenhagen cũng là nơi đặt trụ sở chính của các công ty, xí nghiệp lớn như Ngân hàng quốc gia, Danske Bank, Phòng giao dịch chứng khoán, công ty dược phẩm Novo Nordisk, các hãng Lundbeck, Ferring, Tập đoàn A. P. Møller-Mærsk, Torm, D/S Norden, J. Lauritzen, Carlsberg, ISS, Falck-Securitas, Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni vv...[16]
Các nhà cao tầng
| Số | Nhà | Xây dựng | Khu vực thành phố | Chiều cao | Tầng lầu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Domus Vista | 1969 | Frederiksberg | 102 m | 30 |
| 2 | Văn phòng chính hãng Carlsberg | 1961 | Kbh./Valby | 88 m | 22 |
| 3 | Radisson SAS Scandinavia Hotel | 1973 | Kbh./Vestamager | 86 m | 26 |
| 4 | Ferring | 2002 | Kbh./Vestamager | 81 m | 20 |
| 5 | Radisson SAS Royal | 1960 | Kbh./Indre by | 70 m | 22 |
| 5 | Kongens Bryghus | 1957 (omb. 1997) | Kbh./Vesterbro | 70 m | 21 |
| 5 | Bệnh viện Vương quốc | 1970 | Kbh./Indre Østerbro | 70 m | 17 |
| 8 | Codanhus | 1967 | Frederiksberg | 66 m | 21 |
| 9 | Scandic Copenhagen City | 1971 | Kbh./Indre by | 62 m | 19 |
| 9 | Kobbertårnet | 2004 | Kbh./Indre Østerbro | 62 m | 16 |
| 11 | Radisson SAS Falconer | 1958 | Frederiksberg | 57 m | 16 |
| 12 | Danhostel Copenhagen City | 1955 | Kbh./Indre by | 56 m | 18 |
| 12 | Wennberg-siloen | 1960'erne (omb. 2004) | Kbh./Vestamager | 56 m | 16 |
| 14 | Domus Portus | 1961 | Kbh./Indre Østerbro | 55 m | 17 |
Các cư dân nổi tiếng
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Thành phố kết nghĩa
Tham khảo
- ^ Danmarks Statistik (14. tháng 4 năm 2008)
- ^ Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007, sid 53
- ^ Biography of George de Hevesy
- ^ Fra sydvest mod nordøst ligger Sjællandsbroen, Bryggebroen (gangbro), Langebro og Knippelsbro. Metroen og togtrafikken mellem Hovedbanegården og Kastrup Lufthavn føres via tunneller under havneløbet. Derudover er Sjælland og Amager forbundet med motorvej via Kalvebodbroerne og en togbro ved Sjællandsbroen.
- ^ København er langt ældre end vi troede
- ^ "Prices and Earnings", a UBS report UBS.com. Truy cập 16 tháng 4 năm 2008.
- ^ DR valg
- ^ Københavns kommunes politiske styre
- ^ http://www.dsr-online.dk/Forside.asp?action=2&app=10&Omraade=DSRs%20historie
- ^ http://roningkbh.dk/page.php?5
- ^ København som Nordeuropas Oplevelsesmetropol
- ^ København forbereder sig på World Outgames i 2009
- ^ a ă Professionshøjskolerne er endnu så nye, at informationer om deres geografiske placering endnu ikke er endeligt fastlagt
- ^ Rigeste byer i verden
- ^ De dyreste byer i Europa
- ^ http://www.danmarksrederiforening.dk/profil/medlemmer.html
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Chu du những quốc gia hạnh phúc
nhất thế giới
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Theo Hồng Duy
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Đan Mạch đứng đầu
trong danh sách những quốc gia hạnh phúc nhất thế giới năm 2013 theo
bảng xếp hạng của Mạng lưới Các giải pháp phát triển bền vững Liên Hiệp
Quốc (UNSDSN).
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