Động Del Drach
Nhìn ánh phản chiếu của mặt nước thât trong
The visit ends with a short classical concert performed by
four musicians on a boat.
cửa ra khỏi động Del Drach hơi tối
thăm nơi làm và bán hạt trai Majorica
Cảnh đẹp thật !
Palma, Majorca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Palma (
//,
Catalan: [ˈpaɫmə],
Spanish: [ˈpalma]), in full
Palma de Mallorca,
[1] is the major city and port on the island of
Majorca (
Mallorca) and capital city of the
autonomous community of the
Balearic Islands in Spain. The names
Ciutat de Mallorca (City of Majorca) and
Ciutat (City) were used before the
War of the Spanish Succession and are still used by people in Majorca. However, the official name was
Mallorca, the same as the island.
[2] It is situated on the south coast of the island on the
Bay of Palma. As of the 2009
census,
the population of the city of Palma proper was 401,270, and the
population of the entire urban area was 517,285, ranking as the twelfth
largest urban area of Spain. Almost half of the total population of
Majorca live in Palma. The
Cabrera Archipelago, though widely separated from Palma proper, is administratively considered part of the municipality. Its airport,
Son Sant Joan, serves over 22 million passengers each year. The
Marivent Palace was offered by the city to the then Prince
Juan Carlos I of Spain. The royals have since spent their summer holidays in Palma.
History
Palma was founded as a
Roman camp upon the remains of a
Talaiotic settlement. The turbulent history of the city saw it the subject of several
Vandal sackings during the
fall of the Roman Empire, then reconquered by the
Byzantine, then colonised by the
Moors (who called it
Medina Mayurqa), and finally established by
James I of Aragon.
Roman period
After the
conquest of Majorca, it was loosely incorporated into the province of
Tarraconensis by 123 BC; the Romans founded two new cities:
Palma on the south of the island, and
Pollentia in the northeast - on the site of a Phoenician settlement. Whilst Pollentia acted as port to Roman cities on the northwestern
Mediterranean Sea, Palma was the port used for destinations in Africa, such as
Carthage, and
Hispania, such as
Saguntum,
Gades, and
Carthago Nova.
Though no visible remains of this period are seen in present day Palma,
archaeological discoveries still occur whenever excavating under the
city centre.
Byzantine period
Though the period between the fall of the
Western Roman Empire and the
Muslim conquest is not well understood (due to lack of documents), there is clear evidence of a
Byzantine
presence in the city, as indicated by mosaics found in the oldest parts
of the Cathedral, which was in early medieval times a paleo-Christian
temple.
Muslim period
Between 902 and 1229, the city was under
Islamic control.
Under the Caliphate
The arrival of
Moors
in the Balearic Islands occurred at the beginning of the 8th century.
During this period, the population developed an economy based on
self-sufficiency and piracy, and even showed evidence of a relative
hierarchy. The dominant groups took advantage of the
Byzantine
withdrawal due to Islamic expansion, to reinforce their domination upon
the rest of the population, thus ensuring their power and the gradual
abandonment of Imperial structures.
In 707, a Muslim fleet, under the command of Abd Allgaht ibn Musa,
son of the governor of Ifriqiya, Musa ibn Nusayr, stopped at the island.
It appears that Abd Allah convinced the factional powers of the city to
accept a peace treaty. This treaty granted, in exchange for a tax,
respect for social, economic and political structures to the communities
that subscribed it, as well as the continuity of their religious
beliefs..
After 707, the city was inhabited by Christians who were nominally in allegiance to the sovereignty of the
Caliphate of Damascus, yet who,
de facto,
enjoyed an absolute autonomy. The city, being in Majorca, constituted
an enclave between westernChristian and Islamic territories, and this
attracted and encouraged increased levels of piracy in the surrounding
waters. For wide sectors of the city's population, the sacking of ships
(whether Muslim or Christian) which passed through Balearic waters, was
the first source of riches during the next fifteen decades. Eventually,
the continued piracy in the region lead to retaliation by
Al-Andalus which launched its naval power against the city and the whole of the Islands. The Islands were defended by the emperor
Charlemagne in 799 from a Saracen pirate incursion.
In 848 (maybe 849), four years after the first
Viking incursions had sacked the whole island, an attack from
Córdoba
forced the authorities to ratify the treaty to which the city had
submitted in 707. As the city still occupied an eccentric position
regarding the commerce network established by the
Caliph in the western Mediterranean, the enclave was not immediately incorporated into Al-Andalus.
While the
Caliphate of Córdoba
reinforced its influence upon the Mediterranean, the interest of
Al-Andalus for the city increased. The logical consequence of this
evolution was the substitution of the submission treaty by the effective
incorporation of the
islands to the Islamic state. This incorporation took place in the last years of the Emirate. a squad under the command of
Isam al-Jawlani took advantage of the instability caused by several
Viking
incursions and disembarked in Majorca, and after destroying any
resistance, incorporated Majorca, with Palma as its capital, to the
Córdobese dominions.
View of the tower of Porto Pí and the Fortress of Sant Carles in the background.
The incorporation of the city to the Emirate sets the basis for a new
social organisation, far more articulated and complex than before.
Commerce and manufacture developed in a manner that was unknown
previously. This caused a considerable demographic growth, thereby
establishing Medina Mayurqa as one of the major ports for trading goods
in and out of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
Dénia - Balearic Taifa (1015 - 1087)
The
Umayyad
regime, despite its administrative centralisation, mercenary army and
struggle to gain wider social support, could neither harmonise the
various ethnic groups inside al-Andalus nor dissolve the old tribal
bounds which still organised sporadic ethnic in-fighting. During the
11th century, the Caliphate's control waned considerably. Provinces
broke free from the central Córdobese administration, and became
effectively sovereign states -
taifas
- under the same governors that had been named by the last Umayyad
Caliphs. According to their origin, these "taifas" can be grouped under
three broad categories:
Arabian,
Berber, or
Slavic origin.
Palma was part of the
taifa of Dénia. The founder of this state was a client of the
Al-Mansur family,
Muyahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali, who could take profit from the progressive crumbling of the Caliphate's superstructure to gain control over the province of
Dénia. Subsequently, Muyahid organised a campaign throughout the
Balearic Islands to consolidate this district and incorporated them to its "taifa" in early 1015.
During the following years Palma became the main port from where
attacks on Christian vessels and coasts could be launched. Palma was the
base from where a campaign against
Sardinia was launched between 1016 and 1017, which caused the intervention of
Pisans and
Genoese forces. Later, this intervention set the basis for Italian mercantile penetration of the city.
The Denian dominion lasted until 1087, a period during which the
city, as well as the rest of the islands, was relatively peaceful. Their
supremacy at sea was still not rivalled by the
Italian merchant republics, thus there were few external threats.
The Balearic Taifa (1087 - 1115) and the Western Mediterranean
The
Banu Hud conquest of Dénia and the incorporation of this to the Eastern district of the
taifa of Zaragoza
meant the destruction of the work of Muyahid. The Islands got unbound
from peninsular dominion and for a short time, enjoyed independence,
during which Medina Mayurqa was the capital.
The economy during this period depended on both agriculture and
piracy. In the latter 11th century, Christian commercial powers took the
initiative at sea against the
Muslims. After centuries of fighting defensively in the face of Islamic pressure, Italians,
Catalans and
Occitans took offensive action. Consequently, the benefits of piracy diminished causing severe economic stress on the city.
The clearest proof of the new ruling relation of forces, from 1090, is the
Crusade
organised by the most important mercantile cities of the Christian
states against the Islands. This effort was destined to finally
eradicate Muslim piracy mainly based in Palma and surrounding havens. In
1115, Palma was sacked and later abandoned by an expedition commanded
by
Ramon Berenguer III the Great, count of
Barcelona and
Provence, which comprised Catalans, Pisans and other Italians, and soldiers from Provence,
Corsica, and Sardinia, in a struggle to end
Almoravid control.
After this, the Islands became part of the Almoravid Caliphate. The
inglobement of all the taifa to a larger state helped to re-establish a
balance along the frontier that separated western Christian states from
the Muslim world.
The period of the Banu Ganiya (1157 - 1203)
The situation changed in the mid-12th century, when the
Almoravids, were displaced from al-Andalus and western
Maghreb by the
Almohad. Almoravid dominions, from 1157 on, were restricted to the
Balearic Islands,
with Palma again acting as the capital, governed by Muhammad ibn
Ganiya. Massive arrival of al-Andalus refugees contributed to reinforce
the positions of the last Almoravid legitimatists, the Banu Ganiya, who,
conscious of their weakness in the Western Mediterranean context,
started to get closer to the growing powers represented by
Italian maritime republics.
Genoa and
Pisans obtained in this period their first commercial concessions in the city and the rest of the islands.
The Banu Ganiya, taking advantage of the great loss suffered by
Abu Yuqub Yusuf in the
Battle of Santarém (1184),
attacked Ifriqiya, where the Almohad dominion had not been consolidated
yet, in the same year. However, this attack was repelled and the
Almohad authorities encouraged anti-Almoravid revolts in the Islands.
The city was captured by the Almohads in 1203.
Christian Reconquest and late Middle Age
Palma's Silk Exchange, a masterpiece of the Gothic architecture in Majorca. Built between 1420 and 1452.
On December 31, 1229, after three months of siege, the city was reconquered by
James I of Aragon
and was renamed Palma de Mallorca. In addition to being kept as capital
of the Kingdom of Majorca, it was given a municipality that comprised
the whole island. The governing organ was the University of the City and
Kingdom of Majorca. After the death of James I of Aragon, Palma was
joint capital of the
Kingdom of Majorca, together with
Perpignan. His son,
James II of Majorca, championed the construction of statues and monuments in the city:
Bellver Castle, the churches of St. Francesc and St. Domingo, reformed the
Palace of Almudaina and began the construction of the
Cathedral of Majorca.
Abraham Cresques was a 14th-century
Jewish cartographer of the
Majorcan cartographic school from Palma; Cresques is credited with the authorship of the famous
Catalan Atlas.
The river that cut through the city gave rise to two distinct areas
within the city; "Upper town" and "Lower town", depending upon which
side of the river they were situated.
The city's privileged geographical location allowed it to keep extensive commerce with
Catalonia,
Valencia,
Provence, the
Maghreb, the Italian republics and the dominions of the
Great Turk, which heralded a golden age for the city.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Rebellion of the Brotherhoods (a peasant uprising against
Charles V's administration) and the frequent attack of
Turkish and
Berber
pirates caused a reduction of commercial activities and a huge
inversion in defensive structures. As a consequence, the city entered a
period of decadence that would last till the end of the 17th century.
17th to 19th centuries
The 17th century is characterised by the division of the city in two sides or gangs, named
Canamunts and
Canavalls
(from Majorcan Catalan "the ones from the upper/lower side"), with
severe social and economical repercussions. During this period the port
became a corsairs haven. During the last quarter of the century, the
Inquisition reinforced its prosecution of the Jews, locally named
xuetes.
The fall of Barcelona in 1714 meant the end of the
Spanish Succession War and the defeat and destruction of the
Crown of Aragon, and this was reflected on the
Decretos de Nueva Planta, issued by
Phillip V of Spain
in 1715. This occupation decree changed the government of the island
and separated it from the municipality's government of Palma, which
became the official city name. By the end of the 19th century, the name
Palma de Mallorca was generalised in written Spanish, although it is still colloquially named
Ciutat ("city") in Catalan. In the 18th century
Charles III of Spain removed interdiction of commerce with
Spanish colonies in America and the port and commercial activity of the city grew once again.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Palma became the refuge of many who had exiled themselves from the
Napoleonic occupation of
Catalonia and
Valencia;
during this period freedom flourished, until the absolutist
restoration. With the establishing of the contemporary Spanish state
administrative organization, Palma became the capital of the new
province of
Balearic Islands in the
1833 territorial division of Spain. The French occupation of
Algeria
in the 19th century ended the fear of Maghrebi attacks in Majorca,
which favoured the expansion of new maritime lines, and consequently,
the economic growth of the city, which suffered a demographic increase,
with the birth of new nucleus of population.
Contemporary age
Population of Palma (1900-2006)
Since the 1950s, the advent of mass tourism radically changed the
face of both the city and island, transforming it into a centre of
attraction for visitors and attracting workers from mainland Spain. This
contributed to a huge change in the traditions, the sociolinguistic
map, urbanisation and acquisitive power.
The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow significantly, with
repercussions on immigration. In 1960, Majorca received 500,000
visitors, in 1997 it received more than 6,739,700. In 2001 more than
19,200,000 people passed through
Son Sant Joan airport near Palma, with an additional 1.5 million coming by sea.
In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, by the so-called
Pla Mirall (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted important groups of immigrant workers from outside the
European Union, especially from Africa and South America.
Geography
Palma is the major city and seaport geographically located in the
south-west of Majorca. The city lies on the larger coastal Bay of Palma
in the western Mediterranean Sea. The land area of the city is about
21.355 km² with an altitude of 13 metres.
Palma is bordered by rocky inlets and marinas on the south side,
whilst many of the tourist resorts are positioned towards the east side
of the city. The central zone that extends from Palma is generally a
flat fertile plain known as Es Pla. There are two uninhabited islands,
which are located southeast of Palma and Dragonera which is west of
Palma.
[3]
Climate
[hide]Climate data for Palma de Mallorca ( Satelitte view) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
15.2
(59.4) |
15.7
(60.3) |
17.1
(62.8) |
18.7
(65.7) |
22.1
(71.8) |
25.9
(78.6) |
28.9
(84) |
29.5
(85.1) |
27.1
(80.8) |
23.4
(74.1) |
19.2
(66.6) |
16.5
(61.7) |
21.6
(70.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
11.7
(53.1) |
12.1
(53.8) |
13.3
(55.9) |
15.0
(59) |
18.4
(65.1) |
22.1
(71.8) |
25.1
(77.2) |
25.9
(78.6) |
23.4
(74.1) |
19.7
(67.5) |
15.7
(60.3) |
13.0
(55.4) |
17.9
(64.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
8.3
(46.9) |
8.5
(47.3) |
9.5
(49.1) |
11.3
(52.3) |
14.7
(58.5) |
18.4
(65.1) |
21.3
(70.3) |
22.2
(72) |
19.8
(67.6) |
16.1
(61) |
12.1
(53.8) |
9.7
(49.5) |
14.3
(57.7) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
43
(1.69) |
34
(1.34) |
26
(1.02) |
43
(1.69) |
30
(1.18) |
11
(0.43) |
5
(0.2) |
17
(0.67) |
39
(1.54) |
68
(2.68) |
58
(2.28) |
45
(1.77) |
427
(16.81) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) |
5 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
52 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
165 |
168 |
204 |
231 |
280 |
307 |
342 |
313 |
228 |
204 |
165 |
154 |
2,763 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[4] |
Main sights
Bus tour of the city
"Palma City Sightseeing"
Plaça d'Espanya
The
Plaça d'Espanya is the transport hub of Palma. The
Estació Intermodal caters for buses and trains (the latter controlled by
TIB).
The two old buildings home to the tourist information and several cafés
sit either side of the two large escalators which lead into the
Estació,
which interestingly enough sits underneath a large and popular park. On
the lawns are several glass boxes, which let in light and ventilation
to the station below ground. There are also train-themed playing
structures, each one shaped like a train carriage and named after towns
along the line of the
Ferrocarril de Sóller, a railway dating back to 1911 which has its
Palma Station right next to the park. Just down the street from here a new bus station is under construction.
The Cathedral Area
Palma is famous for
La Seu, its vast cathedral originally built on a previous
mosque. Although construction began in 1229, it did not finish until 1601 and local architect
Antoni Gaudí
was drafted in during a restoration project in 1901. The Parc de la Mar
(Park of the Sea) lies just south overlooked by the great building
which sits above it on the city's stone foundations. Between these two
are the town walls. Here there is a vast blue and yellow canopy strung
over a lower area, shading rows of wooden benches.
The Old City
The Old City (in the south-east area of Palma behind the Cathedral)
is a fascinating maze of streets clearly hinting towards an Arab past.
With the exception of a few streets and squares which allow traffic and
are more populated with tourists most of the time, the walkways of this
city quarter are fairly narrow, quiet streets, surrounded by a diverse
range of interesting buildings, the architecture of which can easily be
compared with those in streets of cities such as
Florence
(Italy), for example. The majority are private houses, some of which
are open to the public as discreet museums or galleries. The tall
structures, characteristic window boxes, detailed metal carvings and
overhanging eaves of these buildings make a stark contrast with the view
of the bay that is obtained by stepping out of the shady alleyways next
to the cathedral and onto the old city walls. The Old City is also home
to the
Ajuntament (or Town Hall), the Convent of the Cathedral and the
Banys Àrabs.
Banys Àrabs
View of the ancient mills of El Jonquet
The
Banys Àrabs, or Arab Baths, one of the few remnants of Palma's
Moorish
past, are accessed via the quiet Ca'n Serra street near the Convent of
the Cathedral, and include the lush gardens of Ca'n Fontirroig, home to
Sardinian warblers,
house sparrows,
cacti,
palm trees, and a wide range of
flowers and
ferns. The small two-roomed
brick building that once housed the bath is in fact of
Byzantine origin, dating back to the 11th century and possibly once part of the home of a
Muslim nobleman. The bath room has a
cupola with five
oculi which let in dazzling light. The twelve
columns holding up the small room were pillaged from an earlier
Roman construction. The floor over the
hypocaust
has been worn away by people standing in the centre, mainly to
photograph the entrance and the garden beyond it. The whole room is in a
rather disreputable condition. The other room is a brick cube with a
small model of the baths as they once were in the corner. Unfortunately
one of the columns in this model has fallen over.
Rubbish containers
Harbour of Palma with the Castle of Bellver in the background
Rather more modern additions to the old parts of the city are the
attractive and discreet bronze rubbish collecting bins. They operate
under the simple method of putting one's refuse into the cylinder at the
top of the machine and turning a handle which then revolves the
cylinder, tipping it into the lower area of the bin.
Sports
Football is the most important sport on the island, led by the
Primera División football league team
Real Mallorca with its stadium placed at Palma.
Segunda División B team
CD Atlético Baleares also play in Palma and
Real Mallorca B.
Because of its island condition all the sea sports have also a big presence in Palma. Maybe the most important event is the
Trofeo Ciutat de Palma.
Road cycling
is very popular in Mallorca, with many enthusiasts from northern
European countries coming to enjoy the relatively pleasant weather in
winter and spring, as well as the opportunity to tackle several fine
mountain climbs in the north of the island. An international race for
professional cyclists, the
Vuelta a Mallorca, is held in February, the first day of which consists of a circuit race around the streets of Palma.
Palma was the host of the
tennis event
Battle of Surfaces.
Platja de Palma in El Arenal
Transport
See also
Notes
Further reading
- "Palma", Spain and Portugal: handbook for travellers (3rd ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 1581249
- "Palma", The Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424
External links
[show]
Coves del Drach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
Caves del Drach (
Catalan pronunciation: [kɔvəz ðəɫ ˈdɾak], modern Catalan spelling:
Coves del Drac,
Spanish:
Cuevas del Drach,
English: "Caves of Drach", lit. "Dragon caves") are four great caves that are located in the island of Majorca,
Balearic Islands,
Spain. They are in the municipality of
Manacor, near the locality of
Porto Cristo.
They were first mentioned in a letter 1338. The caves extend to a depth
of 25 m, reaching 2.4 km in length. The four caves, called Black Cave,
White Cave, Cave of Luis Salvador, and Cave of the French, are connected
to each other.
The caves have formed by water being forced through the entrance from the
Mediterranean Sea, and some researchers think the formation may date back to
Miocene.
There is an underground lake situated in the caves called Martel Lake,
which is about 115 m in length and 30 m in width. It's named after the
French explorer and scientist Edouard A Martel, who is considered the
founding father of speleology (the study of caves). He was invited to
explore the cave 1896. A German cave explorer, M.F. Will, had mapped the
White and Black cave in 1880. Martel found two more caves, as well as
the underground lake.
[1]
The caves are open to the public and one of the main attractions on
Mallorca. The visit ends with a short classical concert performed by
four musicians on a boat.
References
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