Động Del Drach
Nhìn ánh phản chiếu của mặt nước thât trong
The visit ends with a short classical concert performed by
four musicians on a boat.
cửa ra khỏi động Del Drach hơi tối
thăm nơi làm và bán hạt trai Majorica
Cảnh đẹp thật !
Palma, Majorca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city on Majorca. For other similar names, see Palma (disambiguation).
| Palma | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Municipality — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
Palma
|
|||
| Coordinates: 39°34′N 2°39′E | |||
| Country |  Spain |
||
| Autonomous community |  Balearic Islands |
||
| Province | Balearic Islands | ||
| Island | Majorca | ||
| Judicial district | Palma de Mallorca | ||
| Founded | 123 BC | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Mateu Isern (2011) (PP) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 208.63 km2 (80.55 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 13 m (43 ft) | ||
| Population (2009) | |||
| • Total | 401,270 | ||
| • Density | 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | palmesà, palmesana (ca) palmesano, palmesana (es) |
||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | 070XX | ||
| Dialing code | 971 | ||
| Official language(s) | Catalan, Spanish | ||
| Website | Official website | ||
Contents |
History
 |
This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2012) |
Roman period
After the conquest of Majorca, it was loosely incorporated into the province of Tarraconensis by 123 BC; the Romans founded two new cities: Palma on the south of the island, and Pollentia in the northeast - on the site of a Phoenician settlement. Whilst Pollentia acted as port to Roman cities on the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Palma was the port used for destinations in Africa, such as Carthage, and Hispania, such as Saguntum, Gades, and Carthago Nova. Though no visible remains of this period are seen in present day Palma, archaeological discoveries still occur whenever excavating under the city centre.
Byzantine period
Though the period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Muslim conquest is not well understood (due to lack of documents), there is clear evidence of a Byzantine presence in the city, as indicated by mosaics found in the oldest parts of the Cathedral, which was in early medieval times a paleo-Christian temple.Muslim period
Between 902 and 1229, the city was under Islamic control.Under the Caliphate
The arrival of Moors in the Balearic Islands occurred at the beginning of the 8th century. During this period, the population developed an economy based on self-sufficiency and piracy, and even showed evidence of a relative hierarchy. The dominant groups took advantage of the Byzantine withdrawal due to Islamic expansion, to reinforce their domination upon the rest of the population, thus ensuring their power and the gradual abandonment of Imperial structures.In 707, a Muslim fleet, under the command of Abd Allgaht ibn Musa, son of the governor of Ifriqiya, Musa ibn Nusayr, stopped at the island. It appears that Abd Allah convinced the factional powers of the city to accept a peace treaty. This treaty granted, in exchange for a tax, respect for social, economic and political structures to the communities that subscribed it, as well as the continuity of their religious beliefs..
After 707, the city was inhabited by Christians who were nominally in allegiance to the sovereignty of the Caliphate of Damascus, yet who, de facto, enjoyed an absolute autonomy. The city, being in Majorca, constituted an enclave between westernChristian and Islamic territories, and this attracted and encouraged increased levels of piracy in the surrounding waters. For wide sectors of the city's population, the sacking of ships (whether Muslim or Christian) which passed through Balearic waters, was the first source of riches during the next fifteen decades. Eventually, the continued piracy in the region lead to retaliation by Al-Andalus which launched its naval power against the city and the whole of the Islands. The Islands were defended by the emperor Charlemagne in 799 from a Saracen pirate incursion.
In 848 (maybe 849), four years after the first Viking incursions had sacked the whole island, an attack from Córdoba forced the authorities to ratify the treaty to which the city had submitted in 707. As the city still occupied an eccentric position regarding the commerce network established by the Caliph in the western Mediterranean, the enclave was not immediately incorporated into Al-Andalus.
While the Caliphate of Córdoba reinforced its influence upon the Mediterranean, the interest of Al-Andalus for the city increased. The logical consequence of this evolution was the substitution of the submission treaty by the effective incorporation of the islands to the Islamic state. This incorporation took place in the last years of the Emirate. a squad under the command of Isam al-Jawlani took advantage of the instability caused by several Viking incursions and disembarked in Majorca, and after destroying any resistance, incorporated Majorca, with Palma as its capital, to the Córdobese dominions.
Dénia - Balearic Taifa (1015 - 1087)
Palma was part of the taifa of Dénia. The founder of this state was a client of the Al-Mansur family, Muyahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali, who could take profit from the progressive crumbling of the Caliphate's superstructure to gain control over the province of Dénia. Subsequently, Muyahid organised a campaign throughout the Balearic Islands to consolidate this district and incorporated them to its "taifa" in early 1015.
During the following years Palma became the main port from where attacks on Christian vessels and coasts could be launched. Palma was the base from where a campaign against Sardinia was launched between 1016 and 1017, which caused the intervention of Pisans and Genoese forces. Later, this intervention set the basis for Italian mercantile penetration of the city.
The Denian dominion lasted until 1087, a period during which the city, as well as the rest of the islands, was relatively peaceful. Their supremacy at sea was still not rivalled by the Italian merchant republics, thus there were few external threats.
The Balearic Taifa (1087 - 1115) and the Western Mediterranean
The Banu Hud conquest of Dénia and the incorporation of this to the Eastern district of the taifa of Zaragoza meant the destruction of the work of Muyahid. The Islands got unbound from peninsular dominion and for a short time, enjoyed independence, during which Medina Mayurqa was the capital.The economy during this period depended on both agriculture and piracy. In the latter 11th century, Christian commercial powers took the initiative at sea against the Muslims. After centuries of fighting defensively in the face of Islamic pressure, Italians, Catalans and Occitans took offensive action. Consequently, the benefits of piracy diminished causing severe economic stress on the city.
The clearest proof of the new ruling relation of forces, from 1090, is the Crusade organised by the most important mercantile cities of the Christian states against the Islands. This effort was destined to finally eradicate Muslim piracy mainly based in Palma and surrounding havens. In 1115, Palma was sacked and later abandoned by an expedition commanded by Ramon Berenguer III the Great, count of Barcelona and Provence, which comprised Catalans, Pisans and other Italians, and soldiers from Provence, Corsica, and Sardinia, in a struggle to end Almoravid control.
After this, the Islands became part of the Almoravid Caliphate. The inglobement of all the taifa to a larger state helped to re-establish a balance along the frontier that separated western Christian states from the Muslim world.
The period of the Banu Ganiya (1157 - 1203)
The situation changed in the mid-12th century, when the Almoravids, were displaced from al-Andalus and western Maghreb by the Almohad. Almoravid dominions, from 1157 on, were restricted to the Balearic Islands, with Palma again acting as the capital, governed by Muhammad ibn Ganiya. Massive arrival of al-Andalus refugees contributed to reinforce the positions of the last Almoravid legitimatists, the Banu Ganiya, who, conscious of their weakness in the Western Mediterranean context, started to get closer to the growing powers represented by Italian maritime republics. Genoa and Pisans obtained in this period their first commercial concessions in the city and the rest of the islands.The Banu Ganiya, taking advantage of the great loss suffered by Abu Yuqub Yusuf in the Battle of Santarém (1184), attacked Ifriqiya, where the Almohad dominion had not been consolidated yet, in the same year. However, this attack was repelled and the Almohad authorities encouraged anti-Almoravid revolts in the Islands. The city was captured by the Almohads in 1203.
Christian Reconquest and late Middle Age
Abraham Cresques was a 14th-century Jewish cartographer of the Majorcan cartographic school from Palma; Cresques is credited with the authorship of the famous Catalan Atlas.
The river that cut through the city gave rise to two distinct areas within the city; "Upper town" and "Lower town", depending upon which side of the river they were situated.
The city's privileged geographical location allowed it to keep extensive commerce with Catalonia, Valencia, Provence, the Maghreb, the Italian republics and the dominions of the Great Turk, which heralded a golden age for the city.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Rebellion of the Brotherhoods (a peasant uprising against Charles V's administration) and the frequent attack of Turkish and Berber pirates caused a reduction of commercial activities and a huge inversion in defensive structures. As a consequence, the city entered a period of decadence that would last till the end of the 17th century.
17th to 19th centuries
The 17th century is characterised by the division of the city in two sides or gangs, named Canamunts and Canavalls (from Majorcan Catalan "the ones from the upper/lower side"), with severe social and economical repercussions. During this period the port became a corsairs haven. During the last quarter of the century, the Inquisition reinforced its prosecution of the Jews, locally named xuetes.The fall of Barcelona in 1714 meant the end of the Spanish Succession War and the defeat and destruction of the Crown of Aragon, and this was reflected on the Decretos de Nueva Planta, issued by Phillip V of Spain in 1715. This occupation decree changed the government of the island and separated it from the municipality's government of Palma, which became the official city name. By the end of the 19th century, the name Palma de Mallorca was generalised in written Spanish, although it is still colloquially named Ciutat ("city") in Catalan. In the 18th century Charles III of Spain removed interdiction of commerce with Spanish colonies in America and the port and commercial activity of the city grew once again.
Contemporary age
The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow significantly, with repercussions on immigration. In 1960, Majorca received 500,000 visitors, in 1997 it received more than 6,739,700. In 2001 more than 19,200,000 people passed through Son Sant Joan airport near Palma, with an additional 1.5 million coming by sea.
In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, by the so-called Pla Mirall (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted important groups of immigrant workers from outside the European Union, especially from Africa and South America.
Geography
Palma is bordered by rocky inlets and marinas on the south side, whilst many of the tourist resorts are positioned towards the east side of the city. The central zone that extends from Palma is generally a flat fertile plain known as Es Pla. There are two uninhabited islands, which are located southeast of Palma and Dragonera which is west of Palma. [3]
Climate
| [hide]Climate data for Palma de Mallorca (Satelitte view) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.9 (84) |
29.5 (85.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.0 (59) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.2 (72) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.1 (61) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 43 (1.69) |
34 (1.34) |
26 (1.02) |
43 (1.69) |
30 (1.18) |
11 (0.43) |
5 (0.2) |
17 (0.67) |
39 (1.54) |
68 (2.68) |
58 (2.28) |
45 (1.77) |
427 (16.81) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 52 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 165 | 168 | 204 | 231 | 280 | 307 | 342 | 313 | 228 | 204 | 165 | 154 | 2,763 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[4] | |||||||||||||
Main sights
"Palma City Sightseeing"
Plaça d'Espanya
The Plaça d'Espanya is the transport hub of Palma. The Estació Intermodal caters for buses and trains (the latter controlled by TIB). The two old buildings home to the tourist information and several cafés sit either side of the two large escalators which lead into the Estació, which interestingly enough sits underneath a large and popular park. On the lawns are several glass boxes, which let in light and ventilation to the station below ground. There are also train-themed playing structures, each one shaped like a train carriage and named after towns along the line of the Ferrocarril de Sóller, a railway dating back to 1911 which has its Palma Station right next to the park. Just down the street from here a new bus station is under construction.The Cathedral Area
Palma is famous for La Seu, its vast cathedral originally built on a previous mosque. Although construction began in 1229, it did not finish until 1601 and local architect Antoni Gaudí was drafted in during a restoration project in 1901. The Parc de la Mar (Park of the Sea) lies just south overlooked by the great building which sits above it on the city's stone foundations. Between these two are the town walls. Here there is a vast blue and yellow canopy strung over a lower area, shading rows of wooden benches.The Old City
Banys Àrabs
Rubbish containers
Sports
Football is the most important sport on the island, led by the Primera División football league team Real Mallorca with its stadium placed at Palma. Segunda División B team CD Atlético Baleares also play in Palma and Real Mallorca B.Because of its island condition all the sea sports have also a big presence in Palma. Maybe the most important event is the Trofeo Ciutat de Palma.
Road cycling is very popular in Mallorca, with many enthusiasts from northern European countries coming to enjoy the relatively pleasant weather in winter and spring, as well as the opportunity to tackle several fine mountain climbs in the north of the island. An international race for professional cyclists, the Vuelta a Mallorca, is held in February, the first day of which consists of a circuit race around the streets of Palma.
Palma was the host of the tennis event Battle of Surfaces.
Transport
- Palma de Mallorca Metro
- Majorca rail network
- Palma de Mallorca Airport
- The city bus system, which includes a loop line through the historic centre, is run by the EMT (See external link below).
- There is also a bus system run by the TIB. This includes routes to and from the municipalities Calvià and Palma.
See also
- Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
- Edwin Lewis Snyder, "Spain's Magic Island", The Architect and Engineer, 110:10, 37-45, August 1932
- List of municipalities in Balearic Islands
Notes
- ^ Palma. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Palma de Mallorca?" (in Catalan). Bibiloni.net. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
- ^ "Palma Geography". Palma.com. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
- ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Palma de Mallorca".
Further reading
- "Palma", Spain and Portugal: handbook for travellers (3rd ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 1581249
- "Palma", The Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Palma de Mallorca |
- Ajuntament de Palma
- Alojamiento en Mallorca
- Allround-multimedia information Mallorca, IPTV 24/7, OTT
- Alternative guide of Palma de Majorca: shops, hotels, to do...
Municipalities in the Balearic Islands
Coves del Drach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The caves have formed by water being forced through the entrance from the Mediterranean Sea, and some researchers think the formation may date back to Miocene. There is an underground lake situated in the caves called Martel Lake, which is about 115 m in length and 30 m in width. It's named after the French explorer and scientist Edouard A Martel, who is considered the founding father of speleology (the study of caves). He was invited to explore the cave 1896. A German cave explorer, M.F. Will, had mapped the White and Black cave in 1880. Martel found two more caves, as well as the underground lake.[1]
The caves are open to the public and one of the main attractions on Mallorca. The visit ends with a short classical concert performed by four musicians on a boat.
References
 |
Aucun commentaire:
Enregistrer un commentaire