 |
| Từ balcon nhìn xuống thành phố Messina |
Khu vực đô thị bao gồm thành phố và khu vực
xung quanh thuộc tỉnh Messina có dân số 650.000 người. Đô thị này có các
đơn vị dân cư (frazioni) sau: Thành phố nằm gần góc đông bắc của Sicilia, tại eo biển Messina, đối diện Villa San Giovanni
trên đất liền. Kinh tế dựa vào thương cảng và quân cảng, một số nhà máy
đóng tàu, nông nghiệp (bao gồm rượu vang sản xuất và trồng trọt của
chanh, cam, cam quýt và ô liu); du lịch. Thành phố đã là trụ sở Tổng
giáo phận Công giáo La Mã và Archimandrite trụ sở từ 1548 và là một hội
chợ quốc tế tại địa phương quan trọng.
Bell Tower Lion Roars, Rooster Crows in Messina, Sicily
Mỗi ngày vào 12h trưa đều có show ở Bell Tower , mới xem video ở phần dưới
Cathedral of Messina đã được xây lai 1919 sau trận động đất 1908.
*********************************************************************************
Messina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Messina (
//;
Italian pronunciation: [mesˈsiːna] (
listen),
Sicilian:
Missina;
Latin:
Messana) is the capital of the Italian
province of Messina. It is the 3rd largest city on the island of
Sicily, and the 13th city of
Italy,
with a population of more than 240,000 inhabitants in the city proper
and about 650,000 in the province. It is located near the northeast
corner of
Sicily, at the
Strait of Messina, opposite
Villa San Giovanni on the mainland, has close ties with
Reggio Calabria.
The city's main resources are its
seaports (commercial and military
shipyards),
cruise tourism,
commerce,
agriculture (
wine production and cultivating
lemons,
orange,
mandarin oranges and
olives). The city has been a Roman Catholic
Archdiocese and Archimandrite seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important international fair. The city has the
University of Messina, founded in 1548 by
Ignatius of Loyola.
History
Unexecuted
Beaux-Arts plan for the reconstruction of the port, 1909.
Founded by
Greek colonists in the 8th century BC, Messina was originally called
Zancle, from the
Greek:
ζάγκλον meaning "
scythe" because of the shape of its natural harbour (though a legend attributes the name to King
Zanclus). A
comune of its province, located at the southern entrance of the
Strait of Messina, is to this day called 'Scaletta Zanclea'. In the early 5th century BC,
Anaxilas of Rhegium renamed it
Messene in honour of the Greek city
Messene (
Greek:
Μεσσήνη). (See also
List of traditional Greek place names.) The city was
sacked in 397 BC by the
Carthaginians and then reconquered by
Dionysius I of Syracuse.
In 288 BC the
Mamertines
seized the city by treachery, killing all the men and taking the women
as their wives. The city became a base from which they ravaged the
countryside, leading to a conflict with the expanding regional empire of
Syracuse.
Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Mamertines near
Mylae on the
Longanus River and besieged Messina.
Carthage
assisted the Mamertines because of a long-standing conflict with
Syracuse over dominance in Sicily. When Hiero attacked a second time in
264 BC, the Mamertines petitioned the
Roman Republic
for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although
initially reluctant to assist lest it encourage other mercenary groups
to mutiny, Rome was unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further
over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome therefore entered into an
alliance with the Mamertines. In 264 BC, Roman troops were deployed to
Sicily, the first time a Roman army acted outside the
Italian Peninsula. At the end of the
First Punic War it was a free city allied with Rome. In Roman times Messina, then known as
Messana, had an important
pharos (lighthouse). Messana was the base of
Sextus Pompeius, during his war against
Octavian.
[citation needed]
After the fall of the
Roman Empire, the city was successively ruled by
Goths from 476, then by the
Byzantine Empire in 535, by the
Arabs in 842, and in 1061 by the
Norman brothers
Robert Guiscard and
Roger Guiscard (later count Roger I of Sicily). In 1189 the English King
Richard I, ("The Lionheart") stopped at Messina en route to the
Holy Land and briefly occupied the city after a dispute over the dowry of his sister, who had been married to
William the Good, King of Sicily
Messina may have been the harbour at which the
Black Death entered
Europe: the plague was brought by
Genoese ships coming from
Caffa in the
Crimea. In 1548
St. Ignatius founded there the first
Jesuit college in the world, which later gave birth to the
Studium Generale (the current
University of Messina).
[citation needed]
The Christian ships that won the
Battle of Lepanto (1571) left from Messina: the
Spanish author
Miguel de Cervantes, who took part in the battle, recovered for some time in the
Grand Hospital.
The city reached the peak of its splendour in the early 17th century,
under Spanish domination: at the time it was one of the ten greatest
cities in Europe. In 1674 the city rebelled against the foreign
garrison. It managed to remain independent for some time, thanks to the
help of the French king
Louis XIV, but in 1678, with the
Peace of Nijmegen,
it was reconquered by the Spaniards and sacked: the university, the
senate and all the privileges of autonomy it had enjoyed since the Roman
times were abolished. A massive fortress was built by the occupants and
Messina decayed steadily. In 1743, 48,000 died of
plague in the city.
[2]
In 1783, an
earthquake
devastated much of the city, and it took decades to rebuild and
rekindle the cultural life of Messina. In 1847 it was one of the first
cities in Italy where
Risorgimento riots broke out. In 1848 it rebelled openly against the reigning
Bourbons, but was heavily suppressed again. Only in 1860, after the
Battle of Milazzo, the
Garibaldine troops occupied the city. One of the main figures of the
unification of Italy,
Giuseppe Mazzini, was elected
deputy
at Messina in the general elections of 1866. Another earthquake of less
intensity damaged the city on 16 November 1894. The city was almost
entirely destroyed by
an earthquake and associated
tsunami
on the morning of 28 December 1908, killing about 60,000 people and
destroying most of the ancient architecture. The city was largely
rebuilt in the following year. It incurred further damage from the
massive Allied air bombardments of 1943. The city was awarded a Gold
Medal for Military Valour and one for Civil Valour in memory of the
event and the subsequent effort of reconstruction.
[citation needed]
In June 1955, Messina was the location of the
Messina Conference of
Western European foreign ministers which led to the creation of the
European Economic Community.
[3]
Messina has a light rail system that was opened on 3 April 2003. This
line is 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi) and links the city's central railway
station with the city centre and harbour. Low floor double-ended trams
built by Alston Ferroviaria.
Climate
| [hide]Climate data for Messina |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
24.6
(76.3) |
26.9
(80.4) |
32.0
(89.6) |
29.6
(85.3) |
33.6
(92.5) |
43.4
(110.1) |
43.6
(110.5) |
41.8
(107.2) |
40.5
(104.9) |
36.4
(97.5) |
29.2
(84.6) |
26.6
(79.9) |
43.6
(110.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
14.4
(57.9) |
14.7
(58.5) |
16.1
(61) |
18.3
(64.9) |
22.5
(72.5) |
26.8
(80.2) |
30.0
(86) |
30.5
(86.9) |
27.5
(81.5) |
23.2
(73.8) |
18.8
(65.8) |
15.8
(60.4) |
21.55
(70.78) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
12.3
(54.1) |
12.2
(54) |
13.5
(56.3) |
15.4
(59.7) |
19.5
(67.1) |
23.6
(74.5) |
26.7
(80.1) |
27.3
(81.1) |
24.5
(76.1) |
20.5
(68.9) |
16.4
(61.5) |
13.7
(56.7) |
18.8
(65.84) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
10.1
(50.2) |
9.8
(49.6) |
10.9
(51.6) |
12.5
(54.5) |
16.4
(61.5) |
20.4
(68.7) |
23.4
(74.1) |
24.2
(75.6) |
21.5
(70.7) |
17.8
(64) |
14.1
(57.4) |
11.6
(52.9) |
16.06
(60.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
0.2
(32.4) |
−0.1
(31.8) |
−0.2
(31.6) |
4.3
(39.7) |
7.5
(45.5) |
12.4
(54.3) |
15.3
(59.5) |
14.4
(57.9) |
12.5
(54.5) |
7.5
(45.5) |
5.1
(41.2) |
1.2
(34.2) |
−0.2
(31.6) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
102.9
(4.051) |
100.2
(3.945) |
83.4
(3.283) |
68.3
(2.689) |
33.8
(1.331) |
12.7
(0.5) |
20.0
(0.787) |
25.6
(1.008) |
63.9
(2.516) |
113.7
(4.476) |
119.5
(4.705) |
102.9
(4.051) |
846.9
(33.342) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) |
10.6 |
9.8 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
3.9 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
5.6 |
8.5 |
11.0 |
10.9 |
83.8 |
| % humidity |
73 |
71 |
69 |
69 |
67 |
64 |
63 |
66 |
68 |
70 |
73 |
74 |
68.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
114.7 |
130.0 |
170.5 |
207.0 |
257.3 |
294.0 |
331.7 |
306.9 |
240.0 |
189.1 |
138.0 |
111.6 |
2,490.8 |
| Source #1: Servizio Meteorologico (temperature and precipitation data 1971-2000);[4] Clima en Messina desde 1957 hasta 2013[5] |
| Source #2: Messina Osservatorio Meteorologico (temperature records since 1909);[6] Servizio Meteorologico (relative humidity and sun data 1961-1990)[7] |
Main sights
Religious Architectures
Church of the Annunziata dei Catalani.
- The Cathedral (12th century), containing the remains of king Conrad, ruler of Germany and Sicily in the 13th century. The building had to be almost entirely rebuilt in 1919-1920, following the devastating 1908 earthquake, and again in 1943, after a fire triggered by Allied bombings. The original Norman structure can be recognised in the apsidal area. The façade has three late Gothic portals, the central of which probably dates back to the early 15th century. The architrave is decorated with a sculpture of Christ Among the Evangelists and various representations of men, animals and plants. The tympanum
dates back to 1468. The interior is organised in a nave and two equally
long aisles divided by files of 28 columns. Some decorative elements
belong the original building, although the mosaics in the apse
are reconstructions. Tombs of illustrious men besides Conrad IV include
those of Archbishops Palmer (died in 1195), Guidotto de Abbiate (14th
century) and Antonio La Legname (16th century). Special interest is held
by the Chapel of the Sacrament (late 16th century), with scenic
decorations and 14th century mosaics. The bell tower holds one of the largest astronomical clocks in the world, built in 1933 by the Ungerer Company of Strasbourg.
The belfry's mechanically-animated statues, which illustrate events
from the civil and religious history of the city every day at noon, are a
popular tourist attraction.
- The Sanctuary of Santa Maria del Carmelo (near the Courthouse), built in 1931, which contains a 17th-century statue of the Virgin Mary. See also Chiesa del Carmine.
- The Sanctuary of Montevergine, where the incorrupt body of Saint Eustochia Smeralda Calafato is preserved.
- The Church of the Annunziata dei Catalani (late 12th-13th
century). Dating from the late Norman period, it was transformed in the
13th century when the nave was shortened and the façade added. It has a
cylindrical apse and a high dome emerging from a high tambour. Noteworthy is the external decoration of the transept
and the dome area, with a series of blind arches separated by small
columns, clearly reflecting Arabic architectural influences.
- The Church of Santa Maria degli Alemanni (early 13th century), which was formerly a chapel of the Teutonic Knights. It is a rare example of pure Gothic architecture in Sicily, as is witnessed by the arched windows and shapely buttresses.
Civil and Military Architectures
- The Botanical Garden Pietro Castelli of the University of Messina.
- The Palazzo Calapaj, an example of 18th century Messinese architecture which survived until the 1908 earthquake.
- The Porta Grazia, 16th century gate of "real cittadella di
Messina", by Domenico Biundo and Antonio Amato, a fortress still
existing in the harbour.
- The Pylon, built in 1957 together with a twin located across the Strait of Messina, to carry a 220 kV overhead power line bringing electric power to the island. At the time of their construction, the two electric pylons
were the highest in the world. The power line has since been replaced
by an underwater cable, but the pylon still stands as a freely
accessible tourist attraction.
- The San Ranieri lighthouse, built in 1555.
Monuments
- The Fountain of Orion, located next to the Cathedral, built by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli in 1547.
- The Fountain of Neptune, looking towards the harbour, built by Montorsoli in 1557.
- The Senatory Fountain, built in 1619.
- The Four Fountains, though only two elements of the four-cornered complex survive today.
Museum
Notables born in Messina
- Antonello da Messina, major painter of the Renaissance (born 1430)
- Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher and mathematician (born 350 BC)
- Eustochia Smeralda Calafato, saint (born 1434)
- Francesco Maurolico, astronomer and mathematician (born 1494)
- Filippo Bonaffino (fl. 1623), Italian madrigal composer
- Filippo Juvarra, architect and highest exponent of the Baroque (born 1678)
- Annibale Maria Di Francia, saint (born 1851)
- Giuseppe Sergi, anthropologist (born 1841)
- Luigi Rizzo, naval officer and First World War hero (born 1887)
- Maria Grazia Cucinotta, actress (born 1968)
- Antonino Fogliani, music conductor (born 1976)
- Vincenzo Nibali, cyclist (born 1984)
Literary references
Numerous writers set their works in Messina, including:
See also
Notes
- Data from ISTAT
- "Epidemiology of the Black Death and Successive Waves of Plague" by Samuel K Cohn JR. Medical History.
- "''The Messina Declaration 1955'' final document of ''The Conference of Messina'' 1 to 3 June 1955 - birth of the European Union". Eu-history.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- "MESSINA". Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- "Messina". Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- "Messina Osservatorio Meteorologico". Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- "MESSINA". Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- http://www.regione.sicilia.it/bbccaa/Dirbenicult/musei/musei2/engarmessina.htm
- "Regione Siciliana Assessorato Beni Culturali". Regione.sicilia.it. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
Every day at noon the 200-foot clock tower of the Cathedral in Messina puts on a show. When the clock hits midday, church bells are struck by two ten foot bronze statues of the heroines who saved Messina during the Sicilian Vespers war. . Following the chimes, a lion that represents the strength of the city waves his flag, wags his tail, turns his head to face the piazza and roars three times. As if aroused by the mighty lion, a rooster who represents awakening, flaps his wings, raises his head and crows three times. As Ave Maria plays, an angel appears bearing a letter for the Madonna, who is greeted by Saint Paul and a retinue of Messinesi ambassadors--each bowing in reverence as they pass.
